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17811754762500TO:Bank Manager

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3225802514600Report

A business report on the forecasted analysis of EcoGenics, Inc. Company with two products

91700100000Report

A business report on the forecasted analysis of EcoGenics, Inc. Company with two products

10801357653655EcoGenics, Inc.

November 30, 2012

Authored by: YOUR Student ID

100000100000EcoGenics, Inc.

November 30, 2012

Authored by: YOUR Student ID

Report

A business report on the forecasted analysis of EcoGenics, Inc. Company with two products

Table of Contents

Company overview1

Product cost estimate2

Variable costs3

Fixed Costs4

Selling Price estimate4

Cost plus price4

Market Price4

Break even analysis4

per product5

Company Break-even5

five year financial projection5

operational budgets5

five year income statements6

investment appraisal6

net present value6

conclusion and recomendations6

conclusions7

recommendations7

environmental impact7

reflective essay7

bibliography7

appendix7

Section A

About Our Company

EcoGenics is a United States of America based company that specializes in the manufacture and distribution of high quality, plant-based (herbal) skin care products. The company was voted as the “Best Skin Care in America” in the years 2012 and 2013. Our company offers a simple and yet streamlined group of two products (Micro-Dermabrasion Cream and Mineral Masque Soufflé) both of which we are planning to start exporting to the United Kingdom. Each of these products is specially designed to offer a multi-functional effect and to be suitable to all types of skins, people of all ages as well as ethnicities. Our formulas are quite unique and are a combination of both science and nature. Our products employ the healing powers of nature in combination with the most advanced and top of the range anti-aging technology.

Our products

Our products are as follows;

1.Micro-Dermabrasion Cream

The primary benefits of this cream are that it offers a Spa Quality and appeal Microdermabrasion treatment right at home, it renews and polishes, exfoliates, smoothes as well as rejuvenates the surface of the user’s skin surface. The product generally weights 59.18g and is priced at £25.

Benefits

The benefits of this product is that is reveals a younger, more even toned and smoother skin. It also reduces the appearance of aging as well as evidence of uneven skin tone. The product employs unique diamond shaped particles/crystals like the ones used in the various top of the range professional microdermabrasion machines. These kinds of crystals are quite advanced and are suspended in a vitamin matrix that is a highly enriched cream based with a combination of Olive Oil and Soy.

The product sloughs off the dry, dull and unwanted dead cells with the user’s skin still retaining its moisture. It also helps in reducing the enlarged pores as well as eliminates black heads. With just one application, results become visible. The regular use of our products is guaranteed to help in brightening the one’s complexion as well as reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. Ultimately, the product leaves our clients with a brighter and even fresher appeal coupled with a strikingly youthful glow!

2. Mineral Masque Soufflé

The primary benefits of this product are that it deeply cleans as well as re-mineralizes our skin. It also helps in fighting acne.

The Benefits

This product would allow our customers to indulge and greatly enjoy a spa treatment in the very privacy of their own homes. Mineral Masque Soufflé is a lightweight whipped product that employs Kaolin clay for the purpose of tightening and deep cleansing the skin. The product is naturally rich in Deep Sea Mud and minerals and helps in the re-mineralization of the skin while it absorbs all the excess impurities and oils. This product cleanses the pores and this ultimately helps in brightening the skin tone as well as texture. This product ultimately leaves one’s skin feeling very velvety smooth and yet soft and supple at the same time. Additionally, the product contains a Chamomile Extract that calms the skin. The product also has a very refreshing spearmint fragrance that cools after and every use. Our product helps in fighting Acne, provides a balanced complexion while also providing a natural glow to the user’s skin.

The Trends

Even though the concept of skin care in the UK has greatly been impacted by very low levels of consumer confidence, very high growth rates are expected especially after the recession and economic downturn (Euromonitor,2012,p.1).This is because, immediately after the global recession, it was noted that skin care in the United Kingdom was one of the main categories that was less impacted or affected due to the fact that women continued to deeply indulge themselves.

Competitors

As of 2011, the global giant Proctor & Gamble Ltd maintained its lead as the major player with close to 10% market share. The company has managed to maintain its leading position in the United Kingdom through its Olay skin care product range. Its main products that offer competition to our products are Olay Professional’s Age Defying Day Moisturiser having SPF 30 as well as Olay 2-in-1 Day Cream plus Serum.

Prospects

The UK skin care industry is expected to see a 2 percent constant value CAGR between the years 2011 and 2016 to attain £2.4 billion at the constant 2011 prices (Euromonitor,2011,p.1).

Marketing

In order to beat competition, our company has engaged the best minds in product marketing and theories of marketing in shaping our entry and marketing strategy. Our marketing will be duly informed by Porter’s Five Forces for shaping marketing strategy (Porter,1985,p.18). In regard to segmentation, the skin cream will target males and females who are above 30 years and are regular visitors to spas.

Section B

In this section, we provide a detailed analysis of the methodology used in determining the product cost estimate, selling price estimate, break-even point analysis and a 5 year financial projection.

The Standard cost card for each and every product is provided side by side in the appendix 2 below.

Product Cost estimate

Micro-Dermabrasion Cream

Variable Costs

Variable production Costs

Variable Selling Costs

Fixed Costs

Fixed Production Costs

Fixed Selling and Administrative Costs

Mineral Masque Soufflé

Variable Costs

Variable production Costs

Variable Selling Costs

Fixed Costs

Fixed Production Costs

Fixed Selling and Administrative Costs

See Appendix 2 for an in-depth analysis

Breakeven Point

In Cost Volume Profit (CVP) analysis, breakeven point is defined as the price of a given product/service (P) minus the variable cost per unit sold (VC).It denotes the contribution margin (Worm,1997).

The costing methods that is employed in our case is absorption costing method because we consider both the variable and fixed costs that are absorbed by the product. This cost accounting technique is also critical for the purposes of external reporting.

Five Year Budgeted Income Statement

The sales volume would need to be increased by 3% on a yearly basis since this is the first time that our products will be marketed and sold in the UK. Over the years the expenditure on advertising/marketing/development costs will be gradually decreased by 8% in order for the company to concentrate its resources on its key competencies.

The manufacturing process that will be involved in the production of both products will involve the use of two dedicated production lines housed in two separate facilities. These facilities will need to be moved to the UK within the first year of operation in order to solve logistical challenges ad tax issue.

Conclusion / recommendations

The company will mainly concentrate I n the production of product 1 due to its high rate of return on investment. The business is viable due to the fact that most individuals prefer natural and herbal products due to their environmental friendliness.

Section C

The business will have an impact on the environment due to the carbon fot print that will be produced at the manufacturing/production and transportation of the raw materials and finished products. We therefore have a solid sustainability policy that embodies all pillars of corporate social responsibility and triple bottom line reporting. We aim to strike a balance between sustainability and profitability by employing such a policy (Hohnen & Potts,2007,p.11).

A reflection

The process of writing this report has taught me several things on cost management accounting. I have also learned more on marketing and product launch in international locations. Certainly, my skills in formulating an internationalization strategy have improved as well as those for writing business reports. The elements I found more interesting are the ones involved with the cost volume profit analysis. The evaluation of the breakeven point was before this exercise a mystery. I however had very difficult time in the mathematical elements of the work since most of the accounting parts required the use of complex arithmetic. Overall, this process has added me more experience that will help me both in my personal and professional life.

References

Euromonitor International (2012). Skin Care in the United Kingdom. HYPERLINK “http://www.euromonitor.com/skin-care-in-the-united-kingdom/report”http://www.euromonitor.com/skin-care-in-the-united-kingdom/report

Hohnen,P., Pots,J (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility-An Implementation Guide for Business. International Institute for Sustainable Development. Available online at HYPERLINK “http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2007/csr_guide.pdf”http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2007/csr_guide.pdf

Porter,ME (1985).Competitive Advantage.New YorK;Free Press

Worm, M (1997) “Break-Even Analysis and the Commercial Loan Decision.” Journal of Lending and Credit Risk Management. November 1997

Appendix 1Competitor benchmarking/analysis

Suppliers Product 1 Product 2

EcoGenics, Inc Micro-Dermabrasion Cream Mineral Masque Soufflé

Proctor & Gamble Olay Regenerist Microdermabrasion and Peel Kit Pro-X Clear Acne Protocol

Avon ANEW CLINICAL Advanced Dermabrasion System Clearskin® Professional Acne Treatment System

Unilever Plc Fair and Lovely UNILEVER AVIANCE acne pro

Appendix 2Selling Price calculations/Standard Cost Card

Standard cost card per unit

Traditional Absorption Product 1 Product 2 Standard cost card per unit

Marginal costing Product 1 Product 2

Direct materials 7 8 Direct materials

Direct labor 1 2 Direct labour Direct expenses 1 1 Direct expenses Other variable costs 0.3 2.29 Other variable costs Fixed costs (per unit) 3.5 5 Total costs 12.80 18.29 Total variable costs Profit mark-up 12.20 6.71 Profit mark-up Selling price ₤25 ₤25 Selling price Appendix 3Workings to Support Budgeted Income Statement

Production costs –

Product 1 – units ______ £ Production costs –

Product 2 – units ____ £ Total Year 1

Direct Materials Direct Materials Direct labour Direct Labour Direct expenses Direct Expense Other Variable costs Other Variable costs Production costs Per unit ______ Production costs Per unit _____ Production costs of goods sold

Product 1 – units sold ______x £ £ Production costs of goods sold

Product 2 – units sold ____ x £ £ Total Year 1

Production costs of goods NOT sold

Product 1 – units sold ______x £ Production costs of goods NOT sold

Product 2 – units sold ____ x £

Appendix 5Budgeted Income Statement – Five year projection – using Marginal costing principles

Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5

Sales

Less Cost of Sales (Variable) Contribution Fixed Costs Budgeted Profit Appendix 3Break-even point

Appendix 4Net Present Value

Yr 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5

Cost 25 25.7 28 32 34 35

Cash Flows (profits) (In MIllions) 25 26 29 38 40 42

Calculation or Discount factor 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.2 0.25

Present Value 24 26.3 28.4 36 36 38

Net Present Value 24 26 28 36 36 38

Name:

Professor:

Class:

Date:

A career in Financial Risk Management

Personal Statement

Financial Risk Management has always been my forte. Financial Risk Management at graduate level offers immense opportunities for students. It offers learners a chance to gain computational, mathematical, and statistical skills requisite for maneuvering today’s financial needs. This course offers a real chance for the learners to appreciate the dynamics of a rapidly changing business environment. Such skills are valuable when understanding the various risks in the industry, and enable the learner to come up practical skills for navigating the turbulent waters. In addition, being successful in today’s business world requires the learner to have a clear understanding of the psychological and managerial issues that have a direct impact on management of business. Many problems and risks bedevil today’s business. The environment changes rapidly, and this requires competent staff that can address and remedy the situation as it arises. Financial Risk Management is the right course to address these challenges.

I would like to study this course at UCL for a number of reasons. First, this is a public university with a bias towards research. I love doing research because without so, one becomes intellectually redundant. Secondly, UCL has a highly respectable standing in world league tables. This would grant me an opportunity to study and carry out research with the best brains, and by using the most recent publications. The financial world changes rapidly, and this calls for timely and consistent research to keep up with the happenings. Third, the location of the University is ideal for this kind of academic course. London is a major financial hub. The Financial Services Authority (FSA), Bank of England (BoE), and Financial Services Industry (FSI) have a direct and an unwavering interest in the quality of financial analysis and risk management. The collaboration of UCL and these institutions will offer an opportunity for learners to up their analytical skills, develop an interest in entrepreneurial skills, and offer the best advice concerning the financial risk situation.

There is every motivation to study Financial Risk Management. I have always fancied offering practical advice in real situations. There is a high demand for risk management expertise. This is because managing risk is the first step towards succeeding as an enterprise, especially in the prevailing market forces. The conduct of business is now global and understanding risk factors, and initiating mitigating measures is a sure way to get to a winning start. The development of global markets and instruments means there will always be inherent risks in the running of any business. The risk managers must have a clear and concise understanding of credit risk, market risks, operational risks, and liquidity risk. This course handles these areas in a more comprehensive manner, alongside other quantitative risks and the tools requisite for understanding market changes. It would be interesting to learn other changes in risk management when I commence this course.

My academic and professional background makes me ideal for a course in Financial Risk Management. First, I hold a degree in Mathematics, which predisposes me to an analytical mind. Mathematics enables an individual to have a pragmatic and practical approach to problem analysis. I am also a mature student who understands the requirements of graduate studies. I am also efficient, have organizational skills and human skills, and ability to manage myself well. I can also assess situations objectively, and have a sense of self-discipline. In addition, I am forward looking and have a strategic mind, with a keen eye for risk. I have the ability to keep abreast with the volatility of financial markets. Lastly, I have communication skills with the ability to win over teams to my side. Communication also requires an organization to pass relevant information to all stakeholders. It would be imprudent to lie to organizations about actual risk, or to communicate such information ambiguously. The risk manager must have the ability to summarize a lot of information, analyze it, and come up with an honest assessment of the situation. Hence, communication skills are a requisite for a successful financial risk manager.

My programming experience comes from the work I have been doing since the year 2008. During that year, I helped to raise funds for Wenchuan earthquake victims, and helped to organize 30 people of Chinese descent to watch the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympics. I also represented Chinese students at school, and did voluntary work for a famous singer’s concert. In all these endeavors, I gained praiseworthy reports.

A career in Financial Risk Management has numerous opportunities, given the shifting nature of business operations. I would like to acquire the skills that would enable me to offer faithful and timely advice to organizations on all matters of risk, and to become a trailblazer in my field of specialization. The financial world is prone with many risks. I would like to assist business organizations and investors to understand business environments before investing their resources. This would minimize chances of loss, and would ensure businesses remain sustainable in the end. Finally, completing this course will enable me to play an active role in risk management by learning what is new, and what can potentially affect businesses. This course has the potential to change the way I view the world of finance and risk, and will be the perfect opportunity for me to learn what motivates and excites me. It is my hope that the skills I learn will be of immense value to organizations.

Student’s name

Professor

Course

Date

The plight of the poor immigrant children

“Introduction”

This text discusses about how the children of the poor countries come into the United States of America and how they go through a difficult time trying to find justice whereby in mot case they do not have attorneys to represent them. The context of this text is based on the amount of pain and the sufferings the poor children who are immigrants in USA go through and how they try to solve this along the laws developed concerning the issue of immigration in the United States of America. The subject being the kids is very touching and Egkolfopoulou brings the issue to the reader in a very clear manner while employing the three modes of persuasion in a great manner, i.e. pathos, logos and ethos.

The main aim of the text can be viewed for informative purposes which is intended later o lead to action which can change the situation at hand and make the immigrants who mostly as discussed are kids have better environment and fair treatment when they face the courts of law especially those without representation by an attorney as they are displayed to be the ones who go through a lot of suffering in contrast to those who are represented. The aim is conjoined to the aim of trying to bring about legal and other types of action to protect the minors therefore the author has in mind that this information will make many people feel pity and have mercy for the poor kids and therefore he wants to use this and inspire action for a change in the policies which govern immigration. Through the change of policies the children will be supported and will have a better life thus their rights protected and upheld.

The essay can be summarised as one of the touching stories about the plight of minors who are faced with a situation which they cannot handle on their own therefore they are in need of legal justice and consideration. These kids just like any other human person require justice and therefore they should not be denied their rights even if they are not represented by an attorney in court. Therefore this text discusses about the injustices heaped upon minors and the manner in which the author of this text brings out this injustice making sure the reader gets every clear details of this issue.

“Content discussion”

The development of the text is seen to be a very well connected and logically planned series of events which lead the reader to a conclusion which is a culmination of the story whereby there is seen some hope for the kids as he indicates that, “Sometimes Marks, the San Francisco judge, takes off her judicial robe to make them feel comfortable.” This is a sign of hope but then again on the other side he indicates that the cases are rising every day and as of august 2017 the cases of that similar types were more than 90,000 which brings in questions on when and how will they be solved or will it be another problems to deal with. The write uses description, illustration, description, comparison, argumentation etc for developing the story and making sure it makes sense as well as have a great impact on the reader.

The fact that the author is a journalist of Bloomberg news in New York City gives him credibility that he can be believed. The manner in which he employs language is also considered ethos and therefore he can be trusted from his representation of different issues which he talks about. Egkolfopoulou is very informed about the plight of the immigrant minors as he gives clear examples and also has statistics to present the audience about the whole issue of how the immigrant minors have issues with authorities and therefore this is considered logos. He also summons the feelings of the reader by presenting the situation of the immigrants and therefore through this he achieves pathos.

The text tries to avoid mistakes and weaknesses of any kind. However there are assumptions made in the text however they are in a clear manner. For example there is the assumption that there are minors who immigrate into USA without being recorded or being noticed “these numbers don’t account for children who may have crossed into the country unnoticed.” The text employs fair assumptions like the one stated above.

“Style”

Language used is one of the central points that focus on the reader and it makes the development and telling of the story in the best manner possible. Even though language is intertwined with other types of styles it still remains one of the basic and fundamental styles. The tone of the language used can be termed as merciful and informative. The writer uses this not only to pass information but to call for action. Figurative speech is also used to some extent and this adds to the desire and the will to achieve the goals of the text. The paragraphs are well arranged and short each introducing a different thing even if a continuation of the issues talked about in the paragraph above it. The sentences are also concise and they make the reader have the ability to understand the issue of immigrant children in a clear manner.

“Conclusion”

In this text there can be seen a very well developed story of the manner in which children who illegally migrate into USA are treated by the authorities and how their issues are addressed. The text has achieved its purpose in a lot of ways. It can be termed as effective on the issue of message delivery as well as appealing to the audience try to be in the shoes of the suffering children and to be try to see the possible solutions to the issues the children face.

“Works cited”

Egkolfopoulou, Story by Misyrlena. “The Thousands of Children Who Go to Immigration Court Alone.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 26 Aug. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/children-immigration-court/567490/.Higgins, C., & Walker, R. (2012, September). Ethos, logos, pathos: Strategies of persuasion in social/environmental reports. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 194-208). No longer published by Elsevier.Leach, J. (2000). Rhetorical analysis. Qualitative researching with text, image and sound, 207-226.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

The pre-employment tests are the tests used by employers to evaluate job applicants (Youngman, 2017). The pre-testing may include their emotional intelligence, work skills, experience, language proficiency, and integrity. The primary aim of pretesting is to identify the candidates that are most likely to succeed in open positions as well as those not qualified. The pre-employment tests play a vital role in the organization in that it helps in the identification of the candidates who are more likely to perform better in the assigned jobs. Besides, the pre-employment tests aids in improving the morale of the employees thus crucial in the minimization of staff turnover. They are also essential as they help in saving time as well as the cost involved in the selection process and therefore saves the company unnecessary expenditures.

Various types of pre-employment tests that organizations use in testing the employees do exist. The pre-employment tests determine the type of candidates, their eligibility as well as their ability to perform the required tasks safely and effectively. In overall, the tests serve as a tool for the hiring managers and as well help them in avoiding the hiring bias during the hiring process. Some of the pre-tests which are mostly used and are of great significance include the personality tests that are used to assess the degree to which a person has certain traits or are able to predict the likelihood that the individual will be able to engage in certain conduct (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2017). The primary objective is to determine whether the candidate will be fit for the position as well as the company. The personality tests are therefore written in such a manner that they will reveal any of the attempts at dishonesty and thus the primary aim of the personality tests is to hire the employees who fit the as an ideal employee profile of the company to which the hiring is done.

Talent assessment tests are also used during the pre-employment testing as they help in the prediction of the new hire’s job as well as retainability (White, 2017). The primary focus of the talent assessment test is the evaluation of the potentials skills and abilities as differentiated from either personality or skills revealed by the employees’ work history — the tests aids in determining whether the applicant will be successfully hired. The cognitive tests on the other side measure the candidates reasoning ability, memory, accuracy as well as speed in performance and their reading and arithmetic skills. The cognitive tests also function as an intelligence test. Emotional intelligence as well can be used as a pre-employment test, testing the individual’s ability to understand their own emotions as well as those of others. The emotionally intelligent individuals have the ability to work well with other employees as well as interact with the public and handle situations more maturely and professionally.

The pre-employment tests are legal as long as the organizations do not use the results of the test results to discriminate by the race, sex, color, disability, nationality or religion (Ghosh & Ravichandran, 2018). For the pre-employment tests to be legal, they must be valid and must be related to the job to which is being applied. However, there are pre-employment tests that are illegal in most circumstances, and some of them include the lie detector tests in accordance with the Employee Polygraph Protection Act. Test validity refers to the extent to which the test accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity is, therefore, a measure of how well a test measures what it claims to measure. A validity test ensures that the results are an accurate depiction and reflection of the dimensions undergoing assessment. It is therefore crucial in ensuring the standardization of the results making it more viable to use due to accuracy.

References

Ghosh, A., & Ravichandran, S. (2018). Understanding Hospitality Employers’ Perceptions of Preemployment Testing in Determining Successful Hires. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-30.

Kaplan, R. M., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (2017). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. Nelson Education.

White, M. F. (2017). True Employee Turnover Costs: A Qualitative Case Study (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).

Youngman, J. F. (2017). The use and abuse of pre-employment personality tests. Business Horizons, 60(3), 261-269.

BHS402 Leadership & Management in Healthcare

The Political Frame

Identify and describe four key political skills that leaders need to master.

The four key political skills that leaders need to master are:

Social Astuteness

Politically, it means that they have the ability to observe other people and accurately understand them.

Interpersonal influence

The ability to socially influence groups, members, and forcing conformity while discouraging, and possibly punishing.

Networking Ability

This role concentrates on people engaging amongst themselves and interacting and establishing relationships towards peers.

Apparent sincerity

This role is important for leaders to master because you have to be transparent and honest with their team or peers. Leaders who follow this role usually create a bond with peers for keeping their word which keeps a good impression towards management and peers.

What is power and what makes power a key organizational resource?

Power is having the ability to be in control and do something or act in a way. Power has different definitions because Power can mean anything in anyone’s definition. Organizations are made up of different aspects of how they look at power and how they use it within the group or community. The authority of someone has against an organization can dictate who has more knowledge or specialized experience. Some people experience power through interpersonal relationships or the way their personality is set up.

Literature

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Course Title

Date

The presence of symbols generally characterized the early Christian art through a depiction of imagery on various works of architecture that include the church’s walls and the paintings on the tombs. The Bible was divided into multiple categories such as the allegorical, moral, goodness and the spiritual aspect of what contributed to the development of art in the early Christian artworks. A significant proportion of the early Christian work was depicted influenced by faith.

A majority of the paintings and sculptures depicting the life of Jesus and others figures of faith that included the likes of Abraham who almost sacrificed his son as an offering to God. Daniel who was thrown into the lion’s den and the three men who refused to bow king Nebuchadnezzar but instead demonstrated their faith for God making and disobeying their king who threw them into prison and to whom the doors opened miraculously. For all the faith figures, angels were seen guiding the named individuals, and the Christians believe that it was Jesus himself who came to provide protection for his loyal followers.

It is therefore through the existence of the early believers that the work of art developed as a sign of loyalty and dedication to serving. Some of the images contain the paintings of Jesus as he underwent through his missionary life such as riding on the donkey and raising of Lazarus. These incidences greatly influenced art in Christianity since it was seen as a way of adoring the actions that were portrayed by Christ himself who is considered as the way and the helper. The paintings of Jesus depicted humbleness, dedication to serving, the hope of life after death and an assistant in the time of difficulty. The inspirations of the holy figures were of great significance as they offered hope to the believers and this significantly contributed to the influence of music. Jesus is considered as the most influential figure in the Christian music and art and therefore if Jesus was not born, the music that is currently more different from what we are used to and the same applies to other art as people pay tribute to the Messiah. It is through the influence of the early Christian that the music and art of today are based and is primarily aimed at the honor of God with the early Christian work that was considered to live an exemplary life full of righteousness. It is vivid that up this century the art of the early Christians continues to dominate in places of worship such as the temples and also in music in honor of the almighty the protector and provider.

From the video ‘The First Christian,’ various issues in the society influenced the early Christian work. Symbolism was one of the factors that influenced the work of art in the early Christian period. An example can be deducted from the tomb of Antonia to whose grave there are drawings of an anchor and fish on both ends. The anchor in early Greece was used to depict or imply the presence of hope. The Christians here are portrayed as being fish swimming and depending on Christ for hope. Imagery is another concept that was adopted into the early Christian art, for example, the depiction of heaven through drawn images depicts of how the early Christians used images to unravel the hidden treasures for the believers making the art seem so convincing, compelling and attractive. Literacy, on the other hand, can be attributed to the influence of the art of the early Christian as the artist were able to use the different styles of art with each of them depicting a unique identity and representation. For example, the symbolism was one of the much-used techniques that indicated that the artist was literate.

Another social issue that influenced the early Christian work is the power. The leaders such as emperor Justinian were among the powerful individuals and to whom used their power to the development and integration of the early Christian artwork into the society. The emperor built up temples and oversaw them decorated with religious figures such as those of Jesus and Moses indicating that the place is holy. From such acts, the power here is used to make sure that the people from such kingdom abide by the Christian teachings as their leader is not opposed to Christianity.

Reference

The First Christian Art and its Early Developments – Lord Richard Harries. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/dcQ9NB3D_ho?t=1224

A brief of Crane v. Commissioner, 331 U.S. 1 (1947)

Facts: In the year 1932, the plaintiff Mrs., Crane benefited from an apartment lot and building upon her husband’s death. The lot and building had been subjected to a mortgage that consisted of $7,042.50 interest in default and a $255,000.00 principal debt and later on Crane benefited from proceeds of the sale.

Issues: 1) Is there a provision in Tax law that allows a plaintiff to original basis? 2) Is there a provision in Appellate law that allows debt assumed to be passed on to the plaintiff?

Analysis: The IRS came up with the argument that the building had depreciated and Ms. Crane did not mention that in the taxes. Therefore, the building lost value when it was sold and she gained $30000. The 162 (b) section affirms that during inheritance, debt and tax can be incurred by the plaintiff. The Tax Court established that Ms. Crane had inherited equity. This refers to difference of the value of the building and the land, which is in excess of the mortgage value. However, the Appellate court reversed the ruling and ruled that she had inherited property and not equity. This means that Crane obtained an income equal to the debts total amount that was assumed by the purchaser. Thereafter, the US Supreme Court also affirmed and was in favor of the IRS. Crane had profited from the sale of the property for a price more than its original worth. This is despite the fact that she did not get the actual money upon the sale. It is evident that Crane claimed that she had lost $28000 based on the property’s value when calculating the tax depreciation. While making calculations, she counted for the fair market value and not equity. This proves that she was inconsistent when she claimed that she had no form of equity with regards to her property.

Conclusion: Because of the existing statute Ms. Crane gained upon selling the house as it was sold for a higher price than its original value. This is a case of non-recourse liability that will have a similar posture as full resource liability for tax purposes.

References

Crane v. Commissioner, 331 U.S. 1 (1947)