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Question 1.

The market price of labor will always converge to subsistence, according to David Ricardo’s subsistence wage theory. Wages will fall if labor supply is increased, resulting in a labor shortage (Kurz, 2011). When wages rose above subsistence levels, the population grew until the increased labor force brought down wages. Employee remuneration was determined by the amount of money available and the size of the workforce. Wages rise and fall in lockstep with the labor force. The size of the pay fund fluctuated throughout time, but it was always fixed. Legislation to raise wages would fail owing to the presence of a single pre-determined pay.

Adam Smith’s supply and demand conceptualizes that workers act in their own best interests drawing labor to jobs where it was most needed, and the employment conditions that promised benefit to everyone. Grieve (2019) notes that Smith also emphasized the significance of paying employees for the cost of learning new skills, which is a pillar of contemporary human-capital theory. Smith also claimed that in order to fund population growth, a rising nation’s pay must be larger than its subsistence rate.

Subsistence theories emphasize the supply side of the labor market while ignoring demand. Changes in labor supply, they claim, drive actual wages down (that is, for basic needs such as food and shelter). Assumedly, Smith assumed that labor demand could only expand in lockstep with labor demand (Kurz, 2011). The wage-fund idea assumed a pre-existing “fund” of resources for paying wages. Smith claims this hypothetical fund represents the wealthy’s extra cash (Grieve, 2019), that may be utilized to employ other people.

Question 2.

David Ricardo argued that unrestrained global trade facilitates comparative advantage. Ricardo proposed the law of diminishing marginal returns, which asserts that when additional resources are pooled with a constant resource, the output contribution decreases. Ricardo was opposed to the protectionist agricultural Corn Laws that restricted wheat importation (Siddiqui, 2018). In favor of free trade, Ricardo established the notion of comparative costs, known today as comparative advantage. The idea was that a country that trades for goods it can purchase cheaper elsewhere is better off than one that manufactures them. According to Ricardo, gains emerge because each country specializes in producing goods with reduced comparative costs.

David Ricardo’s idea of absolute advantage is bolstered by Smith’s promotion of free commerce and competition. Countries with no advantages over others are excluded from international commerce (Siddiqui, 2018). One of the main strengths of the Ricardian profit model is that it allows countries, and by extension organizations, to understand the impact of differences in technology and resource endowments on the overall profitability. It also allows a highlight of the differences in demand and thus looks at the advantages of economies of scale in the production process. The theory’s primary flaw is that comparative advantage only assesses static advantages.

The rent on a piece of land is determined by its productive capacity; certain lands are more fertile than others (Bridel, 2018). As a result, there exist land classes. Differential rent is the difference in the yields of excellent and inferior lands.

According to the Ricardian model, countries will export their most productive goods. Countries that focus only in exporting are considered extreme cases. The concept is based on the rise of global trade and the specialization of countries, which makes it difficult to identify their flaws.

Question 3.

The concept of labor-based value was utilized by Karl Marx and David Ricardo in an attempt to explain why certain items on the market were traded at specified relative prices. As per the concept, the value of a commodity is determined by the average number of work hours required to produce it (Kurz, 2011). The value of an economic good is defined by the amount of work necessary to manufacture it, according to the labor theory of value. If two goods represent the same amount of labor time, they will trade at the same price or at a ratio determined by the relative amounts of labor time represented by each.

According to Karl Marx, the value of a product is based on how many hours it takes to make. Marx thought that the theory could help explain when a worker sells something to a capitalist for money (Garegnani, 2018). Labor power is the ability of a worker to make money. How long does it take for society to feed, clothe, and shelter the worker so that they can work? Marx said that this is how the value of labor power is determined. Workers’ long-term pay is based on how many hours of work it takes to make a worker.

There is a conflict between Marx’s labor theory of value and the tendency of profit rates to equalize across industries as the cause of the transformation problem. Labor-intensive firms will profit more than capital-intensive enterprises, according to the labor theory of value, because work is the source of both value and surplus value.

Question 4.

The Currency School, led by Robert Torrens, believed that to prevent difficulties with the circulation of paper bank notes, the metallic standard should be used to back national money. The idea was to focus on the nation’s gold reserves to back money, which caused money fluctuations. The Banking School, led by Thomas Tooke, claimed that the changes were caused by fluctuations in money demand, focusing on general liquidity rather than the metallic standard’s role (Skidelsky, 2018). This point was important in the conversation. According to the Banking School, fluctuations in metal reserves were to be used to manage the Bank’s overall commitments (which included deposits) over the long term. The Currency School, on the other hand, contended that only notes should be subject to the same laws as other forms of currency (Skidelsky, 2018).

If the rule of reflux is followed, banks do not produce an excessive quantity of money since any surplus money is immediately returned to the issuer bank through deposits, loan repayments, or base money redemption (Gómez Betancourt & Pierre Manigat, 2018). With this doctrine, banks are allowed to issue short-term loans in order to aid in commerce and other profitable pursuits. Consequently, the loans in this situation were not considered to be inflationary. Short-term loans were regarded non-inflationary at this period; thus they could be used to boost the economy’s money supply. According to this theory, gold loans are the only source of money production that is efficient.

Question 8.

The overall price level of a nation is related to its money supply, as presented in the quantity theory. Further, if an economy’s money supply doubles, so will its price levels. A similar number of products will then cost twice as much (Pazos, 2018). The Cambridge and Fisherian approaches are only two sides of the same coin. The Cambridge approach focuses on flow, whereas the Fisherian method concentrates on stock. The Fisher method is concerned with money supply, whereas the Cambridge approach is concerned with money demand (Laidler, 2014). Money is defined differently in both approaches. The Fisherian method emphasizes money’s exchange function, whereas the Cambridge method emphasizes money’s value storage role.

Interest rates are critical in both theory and practice of monetary policy and are used by central banks as both a tool and an indicator variable. Central banks attempt to contain excessive inflation by altering nominal interest rates in response to changes in prices. Entrepreneurs (investors) can now profit from merchant capitalists when loan interest rates are lower than real interest rates, according to Wicksell’s two-interest-rate inflation hypothesis (Fontana, 2007). As a result, entrepreneurs increase their bank borrowing and investments. When banks charge interest rates on loans that are greater than market rates, the reverse occurs.

References

Bridel, P. (2018). Sismondi as a critic of Ricardo: On rent, Corn Laws and methodology. In Money, Finance and Crises in Economic History (pp. 77-91). Routledge.

Fontana, G. (2007). Why money matters: Wicksell, Keynes, and the new consensus view on monetary policy. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 30(1), 43-60.

Garegnani, P. (2018). On the labour theory of value in Marx and in the Marxist tradition. Review of Political Economy, 30(4), 618-642.

Gómez Betancourt, R., & Pierre Manigat, M. (2018). James Steuart and the making of Karl Marx’s monetary thought. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(5), 1022-1051.

Grieve, R. H. (2019). On Terry Peach’s Unconvincing “Reconsideration” of Adam Smith’s Theory of Value. History of political economy, 51(4), 753-777.

Kurz, H. D. (2011). On David Ricardo’s Theory of Profits: The Laws of Distribution Are’Not Essentially Connected with the Doctrine of Value,’. The history of economic thought, 53(1), 1-20.

Laidler, D. E. (2014). The golden age of the quantity theory. Princeton University Press.

Pazos, J. (2018). Valuation of utility tokens based on the quantity theory of money. The Journal of the British Blockchain Association, 1(2), 4318.

Siddiqui, K. (2018). David Ricardo’s comparative advantage and developing countries: Myth and reality. International Critical Thought, 8(3), 426-452.

Skidelsky, R. (2018). Money and Government. Yale University Press.

The Lost Cause Movement, ideology, and symbols? (L-C)

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

What is the Lost Cause Movement, ideology, and symbols? (L-C)

The Lost Cause, commonly known as the Confederacy’s Lost Cause, is USA’s most effective deception effort. The Lost Cause movement was created during Reconstruction in response to the coming end of slavery in 1865 following the Civil War, which saw an expansion of black rights during wartime. In the late 1860s, “Ladies Memorial Associations” and men’s veterans groups formed the Lost Cause, which was initially preoccupied with defending the Confederacy against mockery and treasonous allegations that ex-Confederates regarded disgraceful (Merritt, 2022). The Lost Cause was a conscious deception, primarily by white supremacist Confederate veterans and their indoctrinated children in the aftermath of the Civil War.

The movement’s ideology is one of a valiant people fighting against a tyrannical government and the “dictatorship” of abolition, who were traitors to the Confederate States, according to the Lost Cause. In addition, symbols such as Dixie and D.S.C are representative of this ideology. The Lost Cause portrayed the South as more Christian and heroic than the North, which was depicted as brutal and prejudiced. Proponents of the Lost Cause had to maintain their arguments through negative framing of the “Good Guys” versus the “Bad Guys” (Merritt, 2022).

The role of women in society was also emphasized, as they were considered to be pure and morally superior to their counterparts in Union society. This portrayal of white superiority is a common theme throughout the Lost Cause. Civil War provided fertile ground for Confederate sympathizers to use this new ideology for their own purposes (Merritt, 2022). The symbols of the Lost Cause movement can be traced to the 1890s, even though it was not until the early 20th century that they were widely adopted. The most well-known symbols of the Confederate myth are “the national flag of the Confederacy, ‘Dixie’ and states’ rights”. These symbols began to become more prominent in Southern society towards the turn of the 20th century.

Reference

Merritt, O. (2022). Opinion: A Confederate flag at the Capitol summons America’s demons. Retrieved 4 February 2022, from https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/07/opinions/capitol-riot-confederacy-reconstruction-birth-of-a-nation-merritt-barnes/index.html

The master budget: an overview

The master budget consists of a number of separate but interdependent budgets.

1.The sales budget shows the expected sales for the budget period expressed in dollars and units. It is usually based on a company’s sales forecast.

a.All other parts of the master budget are dependent on the sales budget.

2.The production budget is prepared after the sales budget. It lists the number of units that must be produced during each budget period to meet sales needs and to provide for the desired ending inventory. The production budget in turn directly influences the direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead budgets, which in turn enable the preparation of the ending finished goods inventory budget.

a.These budgets are then combined with data from the sales budget and the selling and administrative expense budget to determine the cash budget.

3.The cash budget is a detailed plan showing how cash resources will be acquired and used over a specified time period.

a.All of the operating budgets have an impact on the cash budget.

4.The last step of the process is to prepare a budgeted income statement and a budgeted balance sheet.

To help you see the “big picture” keep in mind that the 10 schedules in a master budget are designed to answer the 10 questions as shown on the next two slides.

It also bears emphasizing that a master budget is based on various estimates and assumptions. For example, the sales budget requires three estimates/assumptions as follows:

1.What are the budgeted unit sales?

2.What is the budgeted selling price per unit?

3.What percentage of accounts receivable will be collected in the current and subsequent periods?

When Microsoft Excel is used to create a master budget, these types of assumptions can be depicted in a Budgeting Assumptions tab, thereby enabling the Excel-based budget to answer “what-if” questions.

Helpful Hint: Budgets—particularly in large organizations—can be very complex. To keep the complexity within bounds, we have simplified the budgets. Even so, these simplified budgets are intricate, and the level of detail may be overwhelming to some students. Emphasize that each step in the process is fairly simple, but the budgets must fit together for the plan to be successful.  

Preparing the master budget

Prepare a sales budget, including a schedule of expected cash collections.

A. The sales budget

Assume the facts as shown for the Royal Company.

1.The sales budget multiplies the budgeted sales in units for each month by the selling price per unit.

a. The total sales budget for the quarter ($1,000,000) is calculated by multiplying the budgeted sales in units for the quarter (100,000) by the selling price per unit ($10).

Assume the information as shown regarding Royal’s expected cash collections.

1.The first step in calculating Royal’s cash collections is to insert the beginning accounts receivable balance ($30,000) into the April column of the cash collections schedule.

a. This balance will be collected in full in April.

2.The second step is to calculate the April credit sales that will be collected during each month of the quarter.

a. $140,000 ($200,000 × 70%) will be collected in April and $50,000 ($200,000 × 25%) will be collected in May. $10,000 ($200,000 × 5%) will be uncollectible.

3.The third step is to calculate the May credit sales that will be collected during each month of the quarter.

a. $350,000 ($500,000 × 70%) will be collected in May and $125,000 ($500,000 × 25%) will be collected in June. $25,000 ($500,000 × 5%) will be uncollectible.

4.The fourth step is to calculate the June credit sales that will be collected during the month of June.

a. $210,000 ($300,000 × 70%) will be collected in June.

5.The fifth step is to calculate the total for each column in the schedule and the total for the quarter ($905,000).

B. The production budget (must be adequate to meet budgeted sales and to provide for the desired ending inventory)

Assume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s production budget (If Royal was a merchandising company it would prepare a merchandise purchases budget instead of a production budget).

1.The first step in preparing the production budget is to insert the budgeted sales in units from the sales budget.

2.The second step is to calculate the required production in units for April (26,000 units).

Notice, the desired ending inventory in units for April (10,000 units) and the beginning inventory in units for April (4,000 units).

3.The third step is to calculate the required production for May (46,000 units).

Notice, April’s desired ending inventory (10,000 units) becomes May’s beginning inventory.

4.The fourth step is to calculate the required production for June (29,000 units).

Notice, we are assuming a desired ending inventory of 5,000 units (which implies that projected sales in July are 25,000 units).

5.The fifth step is to complete the “Quarter” column.

Notice, April’s beginning inventory and June’s ending inventory are carried over to this column.

Helpful Hint: Many students have a tendency to add up the inventory amounts instead of using the ending or the beginning figure. Pointing this out early might reduce confusion on the part of students.

C.The direct materials budget

Assume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s direct materials budget which quantifies the raw materials that must be purchased to fulfill the production budget and to provide for adequate inventories.

1.The first step in preparing the direct materials budget is to insert the required production in units from the production budget.

2.The second step is to calculate the monthly and quarterly production needs, which in this case are stated in terms of pounds of direct material.

3.The third step is to calculate the materials to be purchased for April (140,000 pounds).

Notice:

a. The desired ending inventory of 23,000 pounds is 10% of the following month’s production.

b. The beginning inventory of 13,000 pounds is the same as the March 31st ending inventory.

4.The fourth step is to calculate the materials to be purchased for May (221,500 pounds).

Notice April’s desired ending inventory becomes May’s beginning inventory.

5.The fifth step is to calculate the materials to be purchased for June (142,000 pounds) and to calculate the quarterly totals.

Notice:

a. We are assuming a desired ending inventory for June of 11,500 pounds.

b. April’s beginning inventory and June’s ending inventory carry over to the “Quarter” column.

Helpful Hint: Tell the students that the inventory purchases budget or the raw materials purchase budget are really just the elements of a cost of goods sold schedule in a different order.

Assume the information as shown regarding Royal’s expected cash disbursements for materials.

1.The first step in calculating Royal’s cash disbursements is to insert the beginning accounts payable balance ($12,000) into the April column of the cash disbursements schedule.

a. This balance will be paid in full in April.

2.The second step is to calculate the April credit purchases that will be paid during each month of the quarter.

a. $28,000 ($56,000 × 50%) will be paid in April and $28,000 ($56,000 × 50%) will be paid in May.

(1). The $56,000 is derived by multiplying 140,000 pounds by the $0.40 per pound purchase price.

3.The remaining steps include:

a. Calculating the May and June credit purchases that are paid during each month of the quarter.

b. Calculating the totals for all columns in the schedule and the total for the quarter ($185,000).

D.The direct labor budgetAssume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s direct labor budget which enables the company to match its direct labor hours provided with its production needs.

1.The first step in preparing the direct labor budget is to insert the production in units from the production budget.

2.The second step is to compute the direct labor hours required to meet the production needs.

Notice 0.05 direct labor hours are needed per unit.

3.The third step, in this particular example, is to compute the direct labor hours paid.

Notice in this example, there are guaranteed labor hours that will be paid for regardless of production needs.

4.The fourth step is to compute the total direct labor cost.

Notice With direct labor, we computed all three months at the same time. This is because there is no beginning and ending inventory to consider.

E.The manufacturing overhead budget

Assume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s manufacturing overhead budget. This budget provides a schedule of all costs of production other than direct materials and direct labor.

1.The first step in preparing the manufacturing overhead budget is to calculate the variable manufacturing overhead costs for each month and in total.

Notice The direct labor hours required is taken directly from the direct labor budget.

2.The second step is to add the fixed manufacturing overhead costs ($50,000 per month) to the variable overhead costs to arrive at total manufacturing overhead costs for each month and in total.

Notice:

a. We can determine the predetermined overhead rate for the quarter ($49.70).

b. Once the level of fixed costs has been determined in the budget, the costs really are fixed; hence, the time to adjust fixed costs is during the budgeting process.

3.The third step is to calculate the cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead by subtracting noncash expenses from the total manufacturing overhead costs computed in step two.

a. In this example, $20,000 of depreciation is deducted from each month’s total overhead costs to arrive at the cash disbursements for manufacturing overhead costs.

Helpful Hint: Have the students trace the amounts from the raw materials purchase, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead budgets to the cash budget. Information from some of the budgets is needed by more than one individual—in this case the manufacturing department—and the controller would require the information from these budgets.

F.The ending finished goods inventory budget

Now Royal can complete the ending finished goods inventory budget.

1.The first step in preparing this budget is to compute the direct materials cost per unit ($2.00).

a. The information needed can be derived by referring back to the direct materials budget.

2.The second step is to compute the direct labor cost per unit ($0.50).

a. The information needed can be derived by referring back to the direct labor budget.

3.The third step is to compute the manufacturing overhead cost per unit ($2.49) and the total inventoriable cost per unit ($4.99).

Notice:

a. Royal is using an absorption costing approach to valuing its inventory.

b. The quantities shown for direct labor and manufacturing overhead are the same (0.05 hours) because direct labor hours is the overhead allocation base.

c. The predetermined overhead rate was calculated when we prepared the manufacturing overhead budget.

4.The fourth step is to calculate the value of the ending finished goods inventory ($24,950).

Notice The ending inventory in units (5,000) is derived from the production budget.

G.The selling and administrative expense budget

Assume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s selling and administrative expense budget. This budget lists the budgeted expenses for areas other than manufacturing and it is typically a compilation of many smaller, individual budgets.

1.The first step in preparing this budget is to multiply the variable S, G & A rate by the number of units sold.

2.The second step is to add in the fixed S, G & A expenses to arrive at total S, G & A expenses.

3.The third step is to deduct noncash S, G & A expenses to arrive at cash disbursements for S, G & A expenses.

4.The same steps are followed for the months of May and June to arrive at total cash disbursements for S, G & A expenses for the quarter of $230,000.

H.The cash budget

The format of the cash budget

1.This budget should be broken down into time periods that are as short as feasible. It consists of four major sections:

a. The receipts section lists all cash inflows excluding cash received from financing.

b. The disbursements section consists of all cash payments excluding repayments of principal and interest.

c. The cash excess or deficiency section determines if the company will need to borrow money or if it will be able to repay funds previously borrowed.

d. The financing section details the borrowings and repayments projected to take place during the budget period.

Helpful Hint: The idea that the cash budget should cover time periods as a short as possible should be understood by students with checking accounts. Fluctuations in cash flows can lead to a negative balance during the month even though the balance is positive at both the beginning and end of the month.

Assume the information as shown to enable the preparation of Royal’s cash budget.

1.The first step in preparing this budget is to calculate the total cash available ($210,000).

Notice The cash collections for April ($170,000) come from the schedule of expected cash collections.

2.The second step is to calculate the total cash disbursements ($230,000).

Notice Each cash disbursement, except dividends, comes from a schedule or budget that had already been prepared.

3.The third step is to calculate the excess (deficiency) of cash available over disbursements ($20,000).

4.The fourth step is to determine the financing requirements and the ending cash balance.

Notice:

a. Because Royal maintains a $30,000 cash balance, it must borrow $50,000 on its line-of-credit.

b. The ending cash balance ($30,000) coincides with Royal’s minimum requirement.

c. The ending cash balance for April will carry forward to become the beginning balance for May.

5.These four steps are repeated for the month of May. The result is a $30,000 excess of cash available over disbursements for May.

a. Since Royal must maintain a minimum cash balance of $30,000, it will not repay any of its loan in May.

6.The same four steps are repeated for June. The result is an excess of cash available of $95,000.

a. This excess enables Royal to repay the $50,000 in principal that was borrowed plus interest on the loan of $2,000 ($50,000 × 16% × 3/12).

b. The ending cash balance for the quarter is $43,000.

7.Once the cash budget has been completed, the budgeted income statement can be prepared. The cash budget must be prepared first so that the interest expense can be determined for the budgeted income statement.

I.The budgeted income statementThe numbers for the budgeted income statement come from other budgets that have already been prepared. More specifically:

1.The sale revenue comes from the sales budget.

2.The cost of goods sold, on a per unit basis, comes from the ending finished goods inventory budget.

3.The selling and administrative expenses come from the selling and administrative expenses budget.

4.The interest expense comes from the cash budget.

Helpful Hint: Indicate that, for simplicity, income taxes were not included in these budgets, but taxes must be considered in a company’s budgeting process.

J.The budgeted balance sheetAssume the information as shown to enable the preparation of the budgeted balance sheet.

1.The budgeted balance sheet is prepared as follows:

a. Cash ($43,000) is taken from the ending cash balance of the cash budget.

b. Accounts Receivable ($75,000) is 25% of June’s sales ($300,000).

c. Raw materials inventory ($4,600) is calculated by multiplying the ending inventory of raw material in pounds (11,500) by the cost per pound ($0.40).

d. The finished goods inventory ($24,950) is taken from the ending finished goods inventory budget.

e. Land, equipment, and common stock are all given.

f. Accounts payable ($28,400) is 50% of June’s purchases ($56,800).

g. The ending retained earnings ($336,150) is calculated by adding net income ($239,000) to the beginning retained earnings ($146,150), and then subtracting dividends ($49,000).

“The Legacy of Unresolved Loss”:

Identifying Family Communication Concepts that Influence Intimacy

HD204 Paper # 2

(Worth 50 points)

 

This video follows a family through several counseling sessions in which they discover the importance of family history in shaping relationships and connection. It is an excellent introduction to the family genogram and how family interactions and experiences can shape personal history.  

 

YOUR TASK

Watch the program through Kanopy and take notes using the worksheet provided.

To access Kanopy, go to WSU Libraries | Washington State University and type Kanopy into the SearchIT box. Click on the Kanopy online access to open Kanopy. Once in Kanopy, search for “Unresolved Loss” and the video will appear.

Using your notes, write a 400 – 500 word essay (excluding title and reference page) in which you address the following questions. Use headings as needed to organize your paper.

Your essay should include key words and concepts from chapters that address conflict, rules, and/or boundaries.

All key-concept information from the text (or lectures) must be cited in the body of your paper. A reference should be provided in a separate last page following APA rules.

Upload your written document AND the notes taken on the Worksheet to Canvas by the due date listed in Canvas.

QUESTIONS TO ADDRESS IN YOUR PAPER

As with many families who use counseling services a conflict of some sort is the starting point for seeking help. What conflict(s) is this family dealing with? How do role expectations play into this conflict?

Unspoken rules in families often define boundaries. From observing this family, what do you think the rules are regarding talking about the mothers’ death? What type of boundary has this rule created? 

In order for this family to heal from loss, the therapists believed it was important for Michelle, her father, and her brother to each tell their story of the mother’s death (from their own perspective).  What happens in their relationship when they tell and listen to the others’ stories?  How does this change their feelings of intimacy, and why?

CRITERIA

Correctly follows instructions. Are key concepts and terms correctly applied to the situation? Has the author answered the questions in a way that demonstrates adequate depth of thought or analysis?   

Quality of product. Is the writing organized and easy to follow? Are spelling or grammatical errors detracting from the story?  

Has the author applied concepts from APA Style?

FORMATTING

Provide a unique “catchy” title at the top of the page in bold. This is your “heading” for the page.

Provide your name, ID, date of submission, course name and instructor on a cover page (see examples paper in Canvas under “resources”).

Use APA style: see APA Version 7 Resources in Canvas

You may use the following typed double- spaced fonts: 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or 11-point Arial.

Your paper should have 1-inch margins all around (note that most word processing programs are set at 1.25 for their default).

Follow APA rules for inclusive language, grammar, concise writing, and citation when necessary.

The Legal Implication of Intention

Student’s Name

Course

Date

There is a clear distinction between consequences, intent, and motive towards the justification of an individual’s actions. The law establishes that the measure of intent regards the likelihood of a foreseen consequence. The definition of intent lies in the ability to foster a decision within the scope of an individual’s capability despite the lack of or the desire for the consequences of the action. During the determination of a case about intent, the defendant should indicate the decision of the deceased to render the profound illegal act. In the case of intent, the measuring parameter is the individual’s intent to commit the offense despite the emergence of another consequence.

The marginal difference between motive and intent lies in the individual’s emotional connection to an act. An excellent example is an individual deciding to steal money from the bank to help the poor. The accused lacks the motive but shows an intent that is contrary to the legal system. In this case, the accused gets jailed for the intent to steal money from the bank to help the poor thus missing the qualification of a theft case. The key element in the definition and justification of intent is the emotional connection to the decision, contrary to the definition of motive. Intent enshrines two different approaches, that is, oblique and direct.

Direct intent engulfs the absolute link between the result from the decision that shows the individual’s intention. An excellent example of direct intent involves an individual who decides to shoot the friend and succeeds. In this case, there is direct intent mainly because the accused anticipated the action from the decision and achieved the desired outcome. On the other hand, oblique intent is the decision to commit a particular act but results in a different outcome. In such a scenario, the individual attains oblique intent that significantly fosters verdict. The main goal of intent, under direct and oblique, is the establishment of an emotional resolve to commit the illegal act without consideration of murder as a result. It is difficult to prove intention in a court of law mainly because of the underlying contradiction of the foreseen consequences. On the one hand, the intent is an approach that impacts an accused person’s verdict in the court of law as innocent since the outcome was not a decision before acting. On the other hand, it is tough to prove the dissociation between intent and foresight of the consequences. Ideally, apart from the distinctive element of the different types of intention, it is essential to foster a profound perspective between foresight consequences and unexpected outcomes.

During decision-making, an individual foresees the consequences as well as the expected outcomes. An excellent example of a circumstance is the case that an individual intends to stop a colleague from going to work. As a result, the individual resolves to drop a barrier that is intended to land in front of the car. However, the barrier falls on top of the car causing the death of the driver. Although the accused had an intention of stopping the car and preventing the colleague from going to work, the outcome is a foresight of the consequences. Primarily, the accused had the thought of the worst outcome from the situation. In this case, the individual is found guilty and sentenced to a jail term. The intent is a multidimensional phenomenon that profoundly impacts the legal framework from various perspectives. Section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act of 1967 establishes that the jury and court should not be bound by the essence of intent towards delivering a ruling. Further, the intent and the foresight of consequences lie in the provided evidence for inferences. The law intensifies the sophisticated approach under the mainframe of intentional acts and the ruling from the jury and the judge.

Different previous cases show the distinctive level of intent and its contribution to the verdict by the court of law. One of the cases that prominently utilized the essence of intent during the verdict was the Moloney that took place in 1985. The case involves the murder of a stepfather. A son and a stepfather engaged in an argument in a room during a family party and moments later the attendants heard a gunshot. The son called the police and reported that he had killed his stepfather. The son explained to the court that he was competing with his stepfather for the fastest to load a shotgun. However, the stepfather provoked him about showing his wits suddenly shot without aiming but the outcome was different. The criminal court sentenced the son to a jail term after determining that he was guilty. Nevertheless, the Court of Appeal quashed the verdict and established that the accused was innocent. According to the Appeal judge, the foresight consequence featured as evidence of intent. Therefore, the son missed the intent to kill his stepfather.

In a different spectrum, the verdict in another case increased the controversy that lie in the determination of intent and sentencing of the accused. In 1986, during the Nedrick, the Court of Appeal quashed the ruling by the criminal court regarding the sentencing of the accused. The accused had a grudge against a particular female and decided to light her mailbox on fire. A child died from the action the Court of Appeal disregarded the sentencing rendered manslaughter charges. Primarily, the judge argued that it is essential for the jury to answer two major questions. The first question is the consideration of higher probability in the occurrence of the event. The second question engulfed the accused ability to foresee the consequence of killing another human being. During the Woolin case in 1998, the judges used a different approach once the evidence became considerate. In this case, the accused had thrown his baby into a pram. The baby got injured then died and the man got sentenced for the murder of a child. The main reason involved the coherent evidence showing intent and the determination of the foreseen consequences. As a result, the man got sentenced to a jail term.

Consequently, the law on intent is complex but provides a spectral approach that appreciates an individual’s emotional connection to a particular decision and act. Although the determination of intent fosters profound controversy across society, it is an approach that empowers the court system with a dynamic aspect to handle cases. There is a major difference between motive and intent. Intent focuses on the decision of an individual and the outcome that is either foreseen or an occurrence. On the one hand, intent fosters the promotion of justice. On the other hand, it is an initiative that contradicts the moral fabric of a society based on the major criminal activities and outcomes such as murder.

List of References

Martin, J., & Price, N. (2017). Law [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/media/Documents/Law/AQALaw_SampleChapter.pdf

Reslow, N. (2019). Horizontal and Vertical Diversity: Unintended Consequences of EU External Migration Policy. In Unintended Consequences of EU External Action. Taylor & Francis.

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The Lego Group

The Lego Group is a successful company that produces toys and other items for children. The Lego building blocks are one of the most popular toys around the world, and they remain the company’s most successful product. In the year 2004, the company experienced considerable deficits in its operations, amounting to DKK 1.8 billion. This situation prompted the company management to rethink operations, and they decided to outsource to a company named Flextronics. Flextronics is a company based in Singapore with a good reputation in the production of electronics manufacturing services. Outsourcing was a cost-cutting measure that Lego management hoped would put the failing company back on its feet. The Lego Group finalized outsourcing contracts with Flextronics in 2006, but they soon decided to phase out the arrangement. The long-term contract proved to have been signed too hastily.

One of the reasons why the collaboration between the Lego Group and Flextronics did not work out was because of the limited information and experience on such a huge collaboration. The Lego Group reduced in-house operations by up to 90%, meaning that significant changes happened to operations. Additionally, the Lego Group management required a lot of documentation with outsourcing, even more that they did before. The Lego Group management expected outsourcing would ease the intensity of work off their shoulders, but this proved not to be the case. Another reason why outsourcing did not work out for the Lego Group is the lack of clear direction and streamlining of operations. For example, the company decided to focus on new products such as video games and clothing, which proved to be very confusing for customers and employees as well. Eventually, the Lego Group decided to take over production and abandon the idea of outsourcing altogether. The new in-house production with factories in Mexico, Hungary, Denmark, and the Czech Republic proved far more efficient and profitable for the Lego Group.

The liberator

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INTRODUCTION

THE LIBERATOR recounts the tale of South America’s most celebrated general, nineteenth-century opportunity warrior Simon Bolivar (Edgar Ramirez), who was brought up in Venezuela as the stranded beneficiary to a sugar-manor fortune. After Bolivar weds a Madrid, who was a socialite, He rapidly bites the dust of yellow fever.He grieves and recoups all through Europe, where he draws closer by his youth coach and a British broker (John Huston), who persuades him that it’s the ideal opportunity for Latin America to free itself from Spain’s abusive run the show. Coming back to South America, Bolivar assembles a developing coalition of nearby subjects and remote sympathizers to go up against the overbearing royalists – and the forcing Spanish Armada. In any case, Bolivar soon understands that not every person shares his vision for an assembled Latin American republic.

The movies introductory gives all the strength, meaning and weaknesses of the film in a form draft. One late night, some powerful man comes into a protected manse; the camera that tracks him from his behind. A title suggests that it occurred at 1828. The man points his sword towards one of the aides; fingers some piece of wash to a maid and at this point Communications are delivered, and the Brief chats are held both in Spanish and English. The man who is a significant army and political character, at long run find himself into the room he has been looking. Inside this room, there is a woman who is waiting for him there. “Now I’ve got you,” the woman shouts with joy, and the two couple begins to resolve. The woman says that the house is abruptly under barricade. The man answers —yes, and he says that it’s Simon Bolivar—must be leaping from a window to find his way and escape. The man tries to proceed with the woman. The woman complained and said that

“They’re not here for me,”. Then he goes out. Heavy rains begin, while flashback of does occur that interpose with the immediate effects of action: young Simon is trying to manage with the demise of a parent, and fleeing to the arms of a slave on his estate. Adult Bolivar starts to move and run, as the song, by Gustavo Dudamel, becomes more and more lushly crucial and daring, and a man who was riding on horseback says to Bolivar that, “He must die tonight.”

The flashback of the movie then occurs taking back the young man Bolivar in Spain, where he blows Prince Ferdinand at badminton, and the Prince is not happy and doesn’t take it usually. “That’s what they call foreshadowing, as the Prince will someday become the King that Bolivar leads his rebels against.” Bolivar feels blessed and finds a woman who becomes the first love of his life at this situation, and comes back with her to Venezuela to a held wedding ceremony. For the first half-hours of the movie, Bolivar seems to be more loving than being a fighter, and the impassive, oak-like bodily Edgar Ramirez who comes up to the role differences well with the weakness of Maria Valverde. Bolivar finds himself in Unfortunate situations and circumstances, that leads him to live immoral life in Paris, with his previous tutor condemning him for selling out, though it happens so soon. An accidental meeting held with Martin Torkington who is British banker of muddy motives he plays with some of the estimates of Old World smarm by Danny Huston. This help to fixed Bolivar on the direction and path to radical action in his own home country as well as the dream of a self-governing, joint South America.

Anyone who has got a map of the region knows that Bolivar was incompetent to have that aim achieved, while he is nevertheless called “The Liberator” during South America to this day.

Essayist Timothy J. Sexton, chief Alberto Arvelo and performing artists maker Ramirez have done some due industriousness.This guarantee that their emancipator is an animal of something beyond charm and courage; he’s keen to blame, and his most significant character blemish as delineated here is that he’s too honest to act with the mercilessness essential to get what he needs. Bolivar’s story, which is packed with difficulties, banish, and different inconveniences, once in a while feel hurried by this motion picture. The scene in which the liberators to a great extent unarmed armed force of assorted flexibility contenders.The film is circumspect in portraying numerous people of shading and ladies as among their number. Essentially forfeits itself as once colossal mob keeping in mind the end goal to wrest the deliberately capital city of Bogota from the Spanish is a fantastically played scene both significantly and artistically. However, Arvelo can’t extra an opportunity to make its suggestions all the more profoundly felt. I know, I know—it seems as though I’m grumbling that the motion picture is too short. Maybe it is.

There are some significant parts of The Liberator. Ramirez, for one, is the perfect performing artist to play Bolivar. Mainly because he is Venezuelan, and that individual associated with a part seldom happens in Hollywood creations we can just envision which British performer may have assumed the role, had the motion picture been made by a noteworthy studio. A skilled performing artist watch the small arrangement Carlos for additional verification, Ramirez is suitably swashbuckling and dashing to play Bolivar, and he sure makes it conceivable that the landmass’ incredible deliverer was likewise an incredible Casanova.

The war arrangements are very much organized and dealt with, similar to the set pieces including stunning Venezuelan, Colombian, or Spanish manors, posts, caverns, and ranches. Tragically, the plot’s pace and absence of more individual points of interest hinder the story, influencing it to appear to be longer than two hours. So much happens, however, the group of onlookers doesn’t discover enough about Bolivar’s inspirations or his association with Manuela Saenz (Julia Acosta), whom Bolivar called “the savior of the hero.” It merits seeing, if just for Ramirez, who warrants all the more driving parts. However, don’t expect a conclusive or far-reaching view on either the man or his motivation; a small scale arrangement would be a superior method to acknowledge what Bolivar achieved in South America entirely.

Reference

Bushnell, D., & Langley, L. D. (Eds.). (2008). Simón Bolívar: Essays on the life and legacy of the liberator. Rowman & Littlefield.

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The Life and Works of Andy Warhol

Introduction

Andy Warhol is regarded as one of the most prominent artists ever for being an art legend. He was born in 1928 in Pittsburgh and finished his high school studies in 1954 where he managed to obtain a diploma and subsequently, he majored in pictorial design between 1945 and 1949 at Carnegie Institute of Technology. Many individuals reflect him as one of the supreme influential America artists of the second half of the twentieth era. He was part of the pop art movement and what made him renowned was his nature for exploring the standard culture in his work by use of brands, for instance, Coca-Cola as well as Campbell’s Soup which he termed it as one of his precious things to consume (Warhol and Andy, p.32). Also, his autograph style applied silkscreen-printing methods to generate duplicate; mass created imageries on the canvas after that various colors were introduced to make each of his paint unique besides to generate a variability of looks. Two decades after his death, he is still celebrated as an individual with a significant source of inspiration for many individuals in the contemporary society like the painters, fashion designers, musicians, photographers and also the filmmakers. This paper discusses the work and life of Andy Warhol, citing how his work was of beneficial into today’s artworks.

Analysis

Fascinated by the contemporary life, it is evident that Warhol centered his first works on commercials and he later ended up with creating sculptures as well as paintings of items. Consequently, his profession which in some point was enhanced by his fascination for death, industrialized promptly into the extensively perceptible flamboyant silk-screens of icon plus mediatized tragedies. However, from around the mid-1960s, his artistic attention eventually settled for underground film-production. Since from the start, his artistic intent are vibrant according to his statement, “art should and should not be only for the select few, but for the majority of American individuals.” Also, he was captivated by consumerism besides applying his prior knowledge of the improper media power; he grounds his art on advertisements.

In his artwork, Warhol converted some of the supermarket merchandises into art. By doing this, he was representing the consumerist America where he flourished in and everything fantastic concerning it. He used the Coke analogy to equalize the different classes in the society as the richest and the poor bought the same product as all the products consumed by the two groups were all the same. Moreover, Warhol through his standard work was able to discover silk-screening in 1962. Silk-screening was an industrial printing method of the newspaper which was an excellent tool for him to continue with his main agenda (Mattick and Paul, p.976). He claimed to apply the silk-screen method to help him develop everything similarly as the machine would. Therefore Warhol new-established silk screening method plus his fascination for publicity besides the de-humanization of society led to the creation of the “Death” series which received much recognition from the public. His statements on the “Death” series elaborates his disseminating of daily images over which unrelenting repetition, frequently connecting back to the media machines. Thus this a fact that without his explanations in the ‘Death” series, these pieces of art would result to be mere duplicates of newspaper photos, which would be empty of any valuable message.

Warhol did not only major in prints in his whole life as he also made films, sculptures as well as majoring in digital artwork. His studio was known as The Factory, and it was considered as an allusion to the mass-created nature of his creations. He used The Factory as a heart for the artists, movie stars and models who consequently developed to become fodder for his reproductions plus films. Further, the domicile operated as a concert location for The Velvet Underground. Warhol was able to collaborate with several upcoming artists in the 1980s, including Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat (Warhol and Andy, p.36). Warhol regarded art as a product, the similar way as the food the individuals consume and the clothes which they wear. And this concludes that he possessed an exact personal style mainly due to his living and dressing code. As a result of his works and living, he ultimately upswings to a rank of superstar celebrity and he manages to travel around the world marketing art, joining celebrity occasions and more so relishing the notoriety which he had accomplished.

Context

Warhol is a distinguished artist, his perception of the world ended up creating a whole new world in the art industry. He managed to change the art in the following sectors and ways:

The Pop Art Undertaking

It is certainly that Warhol is among or the most substantial figure in Pop Art and is accountable for its growth and eminence. He was able to acquire the post fifty’s fascination with commercialism, the consumer plus Hollywood products and thus with a humorous clue of its triviality, he achieved to turn the daily objects as well as the individuals from the then America’s widespread culture, into the current most familiar Pop Art pieces. Moreover his individual appreciative of notoriety, celebrity culture besides the media growth endorsed him to embrace an artistic approach concerning the different kind of individuals and objects which revealed the post-war social-cultural reality during that time. He managed to actualize them to an extreme fact on his works (Warhol and Andy, p.21). Therefore it is evident that Warhol edgy, straightforward and colorful explanations of ordinary things, as well as the Hollywood personalities, persistently changed the art world.

His Artistic Methods

Warhol managed to popularize the silk-screening as creative development. This technique features the creation of the same image in multiple times thereby allowing for the production of various colored versions of the image easily and swiftly. The use of overhead projectors as well as the Polaroid cameras are also some of his other groundbreaking methods in the artwork industry.

He Altered the Perception of Being an Artist

Warhol managed to communicate his artistic work in all sorts of methods. He is considered one of the first personalities to generate a radical notion in the art-formation world through “The Factory” which led to the making of several artists. The term “The Factory” is the name which everyone during the times of Warhol used and still applies to denote to Warhol’s studio. The most revolutionary thing regarding The Factory was that it led to the coming together of creative minds and thus allowed them to develop art mutually; the art which has still has a positive and felt impact on the today’s world. During that period, the individuals were working together through the proper following of Warhol’s directives. Warhol changed the notion of being an artist through the application of this skill, creating the ultimate piece not inherently connected physically, but abstractly to the artist.

Art as a Public Chronological Diary

The Warhol’s artwork can be regarded as a demonstration of the time’s most crucial events. His history of art pieces was in some instances stimulated by Marilyn Monroe’s demise, Red China and the post-Hiroshima incidences. Therefore Warhol was able to document all these happenings which to most individuals it mattered most, then by his prism, which had a far-reaching impact on several artists in the prospect.

The Perception of Fame Was Changed

In his statement, Warhol stated that “In the future, everyone will be world-famous for about fifteen minutes.” (Koch and Stephen, p.15). Through these articulations, Warhol in one way or another forecasted the media as well as the celebrity ethos of the present era. Those who were regarded as the celebrities or in other words as “stars” rise and faded after sometime plus where individuals can develop to be prominent for who they pretend to be or just who they are, without the necessity for specific exceptional talent. It was during that time that the media was becoming developing to be more and extra pertinent and lively, that Warhol assumed that soon individuals would commence projecting pictures of themselves which would occasionally grow to be all that they are.

Conclusion

As described in this discussion, it is evident that Warhol was a prominent individual who contributed a lot to the past and present artwork. Therefore from his artwork, it can be concluded by stating that the scope to which Warhol facilitates individuals understanding of his artwork is significant and hence his character is a part of his idea, from which his art originates. Moreover, although he died, his work is of great inspiration to several artists and those who wish to venture in the art industry. Further, there are many lessons which can be learned from his work for his idea was not to live forever but to create something which will live forever and this evident by Warhol legacy in the art which is experienced up to today.

Works Cited

Koch, Stephen. Stargazer: The Life, World and Films of Andy Warhol. Open Road Media, 2015.

Mattick, Paul. “The Andy Warhol Of Philosophy And The Philosophy Of Andy Warhol”. Critical Inquiry, vol 24, no. 4, 1998, pp. 965-987. University Of Chicago Press, doi:10.1086/448903.

Warhol, Andy, and Pat Hackett. POPism: The Warhol Sixties. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.

Warhol, Andy. The philosophy of Andy Warhol: from A to B and back again. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

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Identity

Introduction

This paper posits to present the life history and the identity formation of Jane, a lady in her late thirties who is diagnosed with brain cancer. The results of this interview showed that Jane’s sense of self was seriously influenced by her upbringing experiences. Three central themes surfaced in the interview process: Jane’s esteem for her father, her enthusiasm to share insight, and her occupation as a beautician. Her story reveals that Jane has a brilliant disposition concerning life and, even if she was diagnosed with brain cancer, she does not perceive the condition as life threatening.

How Jane Perceives Herself Today, As a Lady Diagnosed With Brain Cancer. Throughout the interview, I noticed that Jane rarely talked in relation to her diagnosis of brain cancer or the syndrome process itself. Jane perceives herself to be in excellent health, but also as someone who has her personal ups and downs. When I inquired concerning her feelings on the process of gathering her life story, she said:

“I contemplated in relation to that the other day. I thought one way of doing your job is learning how individuals cope with diverse issues in their life. I desire to know how individuals live and do the things that make them cheerful. I get pleasure from talking to people and sharing what a fantastic life I had and still have.”

Jane did not mention any thing more concerning her prognosis, except the occasional remark that “this tiny brain cannot hold everything because from time to time it stops and at times it does not”, meaning that she perceives her memory as vague at times. Nevertheless, the interview process in itself granted me an insight to what Jane’s condition must be like.

Summary of the Interview. Jane never spoke concerning her illness or as an individual diagnosed with the syndrome. Yet, several times in the interview process the condition manifested itself. Often, Jane would reiterate the same stories concerning her childhood. One of Jane’s favorite narratives concerned her goals to become a beautician as well as her father’s indecision to support her line of business. I also noticed that Jane would inquire about me, only to come back to the query a few minutes later. These actions demonstrate the failure of short-range memory, but I suppose her childhood memories are fairly precise. Her stories concerning working in the confectionery shop and entering the beauty school continued as reasonably the same each time she narrated them. From the initial interview session, to the final, her stories remained the same, with the exception of minor deletions or expansions of detail in the narratives. Jane would repeatedly ask me my name and also my future professional plans. It was noticeable that she discerned that I had some relation to the university, but she could not grasp my name. She asked me to jot down my address and name after every interview session. I suppose that Jane wanted some kind of written documentation or explanation that she might use as a reminder, though I may not conclusively confirm this. Jane often asked how I came to know her, and I told her multiple times in each interview about how we worked together during the intergenerational activities.

Jane’s View of the World and Herself. As evident in the majority of literature, persons diagnosed with brain cancer perceive the disease process in different ways. Some individuals talk in relation to their experiences and emotions while others perceive it as their personal problem and are consequently uncomfortable sharing their problems with other people (Heywood 20). This is the case with Jane, because from the time when Jane was a youngster, she was engrained with the attitude: “Do not tell anyone your problems, since they have an adequate amount of their own problems.” Away from the syndrome process, Jane is amazingly optimistic with reference to life. She feels at harmony with herself, since she is contented with the manner in which things turned out in her career and she is happy with her father and the way he cares for her. Jane perceives that she has a fine perspective on life since she has done all that she desired to do.

General Societal Attitudes Surrounding Persons with Brain Cancer. There seems to be a variety of perceived societal attitudes surrounding persons with brain cancer which differ from person to person at diverse stages of life. The question of the psychological condition of the dying has received considerable attention in medical literature. The majority studies have focused on issues surrounding physician aided suicide, and in recent times, the rising awareness of existential and spiritual factors that may contribute to physical, and psychological well-being at the closing stages of life. Although surveys and questionnaires evaluating these factors have been authenticated in diverse palliative populations, they repeatedly fall short of capturing the subjective incidence of dying in the patients. Therefore, patient interviews may provide the superlative opportunity to investigate these sensitive concerns in a way that reveres the diversity of the disease experience (Heywood 26). Such a qualitative diagnostic approach may be employed to capture and understand the dynamic mental state of a dying patient.

Questions surrounding the benefits and costs of a variety of treatment options ought to be conferred in one-on-one consultations in order to acquire insight into the aspects considered significant in the lives of brain cancer patients. The outcomes of a cancer diagnosis are complex and far-reaching, affecting the patient as well as his/her group of caregivers. A number of studies have established the toll that cancer diagnosis bear on families of these patients, and the significance of communication within families as well as between health caregivers and health-care providers. Treatment decisions are often group assessments, made with the fundamental postulation that treatment for one patient may have repercussions for many. The significance of the caregiver’s point of view consequently becomes that much more essential, and to precisely estimate attitudes towards dying and treatment, these require being taken into account. Several studies in the literature consider caregiver perceptions and these have attached significant weight to construal of the decision making process in the terminally sick patients (Gardner 69).

Brain cancer is considered as unique amongst the malignant diseases, in that the organ that is affected is conventionally perceived as the seat of a person’s realistic sense of identity. Philosophical enquiries concerning the manifestation of conduct and the cognizance of a person’s existence all engage the brain. Consequently studying the responses as well as experiences of these patients with a sickness that threatens their survival is practically and conceptually appropriate. Although a small amount of studies have examined brain cancer populations in particular, a number of studies have investigated coping as well as the meaning of infirmity in patients with advanced cancer. For instance, in a number of mixed palliative populations investigated, desperation and yearning for death have been associated to physical distress as well as psychiatric depression. Measures have been devised measuring and assessing meaning and the determination to live, in addition to the yearning to die in these patients, on the other hand, investigators hardly ever, discuss cancer variety as an autonomous variable. Such studies endeavor to estimate attitudes towards fatality, but do not essentially scrutinize what these patients treasure in life (Heywood 32).

Cancer of the brain, although comparatively rare, is most commonly fatal. The overwhelming consequences of the syndrome for patients, caregivers and families, necessitate additional exploration in the sphere of subjective sickness experience as well as therapeutic decision making. It is as a result imperative that investigators as well as clinicians obtain an enhanced understanding of what is valuable and meaningful to persons living with terminal brain cancer.

Reflection on the Importance of Brain Cancer Diagnosis on Society. Caregivers were normally more reflective and forthcoming than patients. There appears to be a relative accord that when judged against other malignant sicknesses, that brain cancer is exceptional. More often than not, the society perceives the brain as a command center, and the center of the factual sense of identity, as well as concentration and memory. Over and above regarding brain cancer as unique, this is usually, but not at all times construed in a negative manner. For instance, the rapidity of the physical and intellectual decline, the absence of any long-lasting and effective treatments, as well as the bleakness of the diagnosis are cited as characteristic negative attributes of the disease. Some peoples, however, mention memory loss, cognitive decline, as well as the relative absence of pain as positive characteristics of the disease that, actually, spare their loved ones of the consciousness of suffering (Gardner 71).

A devastating symptom in one patient, may in reality be a redeeming characteristic for another patient, or offer some psychological or emotional comfort. Most people implicitly understand that maladies of the brain are in essential ways dissimilar than maladies of other organ systems. Often, the sentiment is echoed that every brain cancer is unique, while other cancers are basically alike. If a person has lung cancer, the symptoms are typically similar to the other person who also has lung cancer. One may get rid of a breast and still function, or one can still continue working with one lung. In regard to how brain cancer might be unlike other cancers, some people perceive that it is not merely a diagnosis, but almost like a sentence on every other aspect of life. Although a number of people regard brain cancer as unique (Bee 105).

Caregivers and patients usually regard it as requisite mainly when faced with an incurable illness of the brain, to put emphasis on the significance of mental functioning, cognition and orientation in their definition of value of life. The prospect of loss of memory as well as intellectual decline, in the majority of cases, bear out as the most universal reason that people opt for shortening life through declining further treatment. The emphasis on mental capacity draws attention to the exceptional experiences of patients with brain cancer, even amongst the other uncompromisingly malignant diseases. Families and patients understand that a disease that affects the brain, and essentially the mind, is qualitatively different from diseases that may affect other organs. Caregivers consistently comment that to losing one’s identity, awareness, and memory is tantamount to dying. The loss of vitality and independence in a previously high functioning person would be emotionally and psychologically traumatic (Gardner 75).

It is evident that in society, attitudes in regard to euthanasia vary in consistence with the controversial nature of this problem. However, although caregivers and patients may not be united in regard to the regulation or the means of the practice of euthanasia, there is general concurrence that the decision ought to eventually be the prerogative of the family and the patient.

Quality of life is essential and it would be reasonable that when an individual perceives that they have had enough suffering that opinion ought to be respected (Bee 110).

Works Cited

Bee, T. Lifespan Development, London, Routledge. 2010. Print.

Gardner, S. Extraordinary Minds, Paradigm Publishers, 2009. Print.

Heywood, B. Caring for Helen: An Experience of Effectively Coping with Brain Cancer, London: Thames & Hudson. 2011. Print.

The Life Of A Prominent Woman

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Wangari Mathai

Brief History

Wangari Muta Maathai, as she was named, was born in 1940 within a rural region of a town called Nyeri in Kenya. She attended schools within the area and was able to avoid ethnic ostracism because of the upheavals against colonialism by her tribe, the Kikuyu. During that period, she became quite exemplary within the educational sphere, and her poor background did not deter her from the progress she finally made.

Once she passed her examinations and emerged as the top of her class, she was in luck. A Kenyan firebrand politician named Tom Mboya had negotiated a deal with the then President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy. In this deal, 300 Kenyans were to be airlifted to the country to further their education, and Maathai became part of it, for she was exemplary (Maathai, 2003).

While in The States, she majored in biology at the Mount St.Scholastica College and proceeded to get her degree in 1964. Then after that, she studied for her master’s degree in biology at the University of Pittsburgh. After a few years, she studied for her Ph.D. at the University of Nairobi. She became the first woman in East and Central Africa to have a Doctorate.

Later on, in the future, she became instrumental in carving out the environmental movement called the Green Belt Movement in Kenya and suffered under the hands of a tyrannical government. Her efforts were internationally acknowledged, and she rose to prominence for her active role in the promotion of environmental preservation. In the year 2004, she was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize due to the activism and dynamic highlighting of the issues ailing the environment.

She died at the age of 71 due to her battle with ovarian cancer. The world is on its knees due to the looming danger that environmental change and climate change is threatening. Wangari Maathai is particularly a revolutionary in environmental preservation because she was consistently vocal about this at a time when it seemed almost impossible. To make matters better, she was able to do this in an underdeveloped third world country that still actively harbored misogynistic views and eventually moved the masses to the initiative. Kenya got put on the spot for her efforts. The country had to conform to the blueprint that she presented to the country and the world.

Education Experience

The financial situation of the family was pitiful at the time, and it led them to do a lot that may be considered the norm for people in a dire financial state. Their family was economic migrants, for they moved from one to another to sustain a livelihood. At the age of eight, she enrolled in the primary school at her home. Late enrollment did not serve as a hurdle, though, for she still achieved a lot within her life that many people may not be able to make.

She was in luck for the community that surrounded her knew the value of education. It ensured that their children had a quality education according to the standards of the time. Education was the key to success, and everybody had to be involved in the improvement of their family members’ lives.

Ethnic upheaval against the British empire led members of her tribe, the Kikuyu, to suffer under scrutiny and concentration camps. Fortunately, education served as the shield that prevented her from undergoing suffering under the hands of the British. Every time she got to a new level of education, she was bold enough to stand out and show the grit she had to achieve all those academic accolades.

The general mood towards education within her immediate society played a significant role in ensuring that she got nothing but the best and was pushed to the top by her knowledge of the value of education. Finally, she stood tall as a giant, and many stood on her shoulders for support in the betterment of life and universal welfare.

Obstacles

Once Wangari Maathai took a more in-depth look into the issues that the society was facing, she realized that part of it was in line with what was happening to the environment. Following the rationality that she established over the ages, she initiated the Green Belt Movement in 1977.

Rising environmental uncertainty such as drying of streams and food insecurity made her realize that a lot of people were about to suffer for their inability to make any change. A quick reevaluation of the stance of the society on communal values made it evident where the problem was. Traditional communalism had eroded, and a more capitalistic ideal had emerged as the standard. By seeing this, she was able to conclude that abandonment of societal roles had become rife and, in its wake, it left environment degradation, disempowerment, and a disenfranchised section of society.

The Green Belt Movement also concluded that the people who were supposed to guard the citizens against the hardships of life were responsible for the strife (Muthuki, 2006). The politicians of the time were not accountable for their actions and mostly stole the useful land and even went as far as to allow the transformation of forests into arable land.

Wangari Maathai rose as a fierce political speaker for change and put her life at risk because it was a time of unexplainable extrajudicial killings. As the political sphere only got dimmer in the nation, she got bolder and never feared a thing in her way. The government gave in to her demands on many occasions. She stood in the frontline as a soldier against the dim future the government wanted to grant to its people. A bold move of this kind on multiple occasions made her a force to be reckoned with and put her at odds with the oppressors but gave her international recognition.

Discoveries And Work

What many would term as her most significant discovery is the realization that deforestation could potentially get reversed by the collective planting of trees by women across the nation. The initiative was one of the critical pillars of the formation of the Green Belt Movement. It was not her intention to put men down by doing this but to uplift women as builders of society and custodians of the health of the environment. Because of that central belief, by 2004, an idea that was scorned and laughed at had made the country 30 million trees more productive.

Wangari Maathai is known for many things among Kenyans and international circles for her numerous achievements. The one thing that most stood out was her ability to defend the ideals of communalism and a cleaner and healthier environment. She took on an enemy more powerful than her and emerged victoriously. Her ideal genius got revered on an international scale, and it won hearts for the many masses she had helped were insured from another generation of environmental degradation and suffering (Lappé, 2004). She was an adamant believer of the power of women if they chose to do things as they intended and pleased (Presbey, 2013). A belief is not only useful but is instrumental in carving out a way forward.

For her efforts, history has marked her in indelible ink as a woman of power.

References

Muthuki, J. (2006). Challenging patriarchal structures: Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt movement in Kenya. Agenda, 20(69), 83-91.

Maathai, W. (2003). The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the approach and the experience. Lantern Books.

Presbey, G. M. (2013). Women’s empowerment: the insights of Wangari Maathai. Journal of Global Ethics, 9(3), 277-292.

Lappé, A., & Lappé, F. M. (2004). The Genius of Wangari Maathai. Alternatives Journal, 30(5), 30-31.