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Movie Reflection Paper

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ASL and Deaf culture

In America, almost 200 years of Deaf life have been explored in ‘Through Deaf Eyes.’ the American history experiences have been presented by the film from the deaf citizens’ perspective. I believe that this movie was a very eye opening movie for me and it assisted me in seeing more of the way life was like for deaf individual at that time. A number of things I noticed in the movie and was not aware that the deaf individuals experience those things, for example, the segregation, the classes for enforced speech, and the protest that resulted in making the Gallaudet university’s first deaf president.

The movie was full of information, and I believe that it is my pleasure to distinguish more regarding the deaf people’s history along with the events experienced by them. The fact that the classes for speech were mandatory at one point for every deaf student was one major thing that surprised me. I comprehend that individuals who came in this world hearing only to later turn out to be deaf have more edge for the reason that a number of individuals were capable of experiencing some speech form; the entirely deaf individuals had nothing, and they are being forced for forgoing sign language for learning English must have been distress. Though the technology utilized for helping deaf individuals in learning the way for speaking advanced, it didn’t change the point that either they are not willing to learn, or simply that they could not pick up how the schools expect them to (Baynton, Gannon, & Bergey, 2007).

One more surprising thing was the discrimination within the community of deaf people. It is understood that there was segregation at the time; nonetheless one can never actually thought regarding the way it would have impacted the deaf society until this movie has shown me. Both Whites and Blacks had their individual language of signs. The black students kept feeling disaffected when both White and Black races were integrated. It is for the reason of the dissimilarities in the middle of their languages of signs (Baynton, Gannon, & Bergey, 2007).

The final surprising thing for me was the weeklong protest that resulted in making the Gallaudet University’s first deaf president. The support received by this movement from around the nation was surprising for me. Also, it was astonishing that the school’s board was inflexible regarding their original decision and kept on to pushing the students for accepting the hearing President until she resigned. For deaf individuals, this type of thing was never considered possible for the reason that they generally are considered as inferior because of their incapability for speaking and hearing; though, it has been proved by them that they can certainly struggle for what they have faith in. On the whole, the movie was very interesting and surprising for me.

I was very fascinated by seeing the way the dissimilar culture of deaf people was from a culture of individuals who can listen, but there is not really dissimilarity from what was shown in the movie. Deaf individuals have found their individual manners for enjoying the things that are enjoyed by the individuals who can listen. The deaf individuals produced their particular art and theater that is exceptional in the world where all other people can listen. Even, they have their individual universities with the intention that higher education could be pursued by them similar to the individuals who can listen. Deaf individuals do not allow their absence of listening to stop them from anything, and I greatly admire this thing. I am obliged to have been capable of view this movie. Otherwise, I would not be able to learn all of this.

References

Baynton, D. C., Gannon, J. R., & Bergey, J. L. (2007). Through deaf eyes: A photographic history of an American community (p. 41). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Advantages and disadvantages of freedom

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Advantages and disadvantages of freedom

Freedom is the liberty to think, converse or act without restriction. Freedom according to Isaiah Berlins article ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ can be viewed and comprehended from two political perspectives. First is ‘negative’ sense that deliberates over the extent and limits of freedom (Berlin, 1958). The negative sense aims to show the impossibility of absolute freedom due to the possibility of liberty abuse. From this abuse arise the disadvantages of freedom. This perspective argues the extent which persons or groups should be left to act talk or think without external interference (Berlin, 1958).

Second is the ‘positive’ perspective from which the importance and advantages of freedom emerge. Here, freedom eliminates barriers and enhance personal decision making and choice and creativity (Berlin, 1958). When people are free to think, creativity is not restricted promoting new innovations. For example, government manipulation of the market system in China was abolished in 1980 raising the standards of the citizens (Staff, 2004). However, freedom in the United States has thrived for ages heightening its prosperity dramatically (Staff, 2004). In other words, freedom has placed United States industrial evolution ahead of China’s.

Freedom is important because it provides individuals with a sense of independence (Berlin, 1958). In addition, freedom creates the ‘real’ and ‘dominant’ self .freedom offers human beings the ability to choose and make decisions they can claim are theirs alone. Freedom makes an individual the subject and not the object making them the boss of their world. In other words, freedom defines an individual. Individual freedom of choice carves ones identity and their sense of being creating the ‘dominant’ self (Berlin, 1958). Groupings are a part of the US society structure. Freedom is important to the collective state of being in that if a group is granted freedom, it members enjoy it collectively but if freedom is denied, the group individuals will equally not have freedom. This collective freedom creates the ‘real’ or ‘whole’ freedom (Berlin, 1958). The ‘real’ self is identified in societal grouping like a race.

The freedom achieved from collective liberty is termed ‘higher freedom’ because it is controlled by the goals and objectives of a certain group (Berlin, 1958). For example, nations have to restrict freedoms in order to reach their objectives using documents like constitutions. Freedoms in the United State Bill of Rights include freedom of press, speech, religion, peaceable congress, and beseeching the government. Isaiah argues that this level of freedom claims to be more aware of what a person needs better than the person does (Berlin, 1958). This view disregards the wishes of individuals and the society and may be used to bully, subjugate, violate and torture. This type of freedom denies men with the individuals to make their own choices as a sacrifice for the prosperity of the particular group they belong (Berlin, 1958).

The writer’s positive concept of freedom depicts man as torn into two characters; the dominant manipulator, and the ones whose desires and wishes are controlled by objectives of a group (Berlin, 1958). For example, the United Nation embraces the republican and democratic parties. On the contrary, Chinese governing system consists of one political party which embraces socialism and capitalism painting China as a communist or dictatorship nation (Staff, 2004).

In conclusion, freedom is the meaning of life. It gives people choice and niche for personal growth, creativity and self expression. In addition it allows people to express their thoughts, actions and speech without external limitation. Moreover, collective freedom is abused and individual freedom must be curtailed to protect the sovereignty of others. In comparing the freedom of China and the United States, using their development history and their government structures, USA depicts more freedom and consequently more industrial development (Staff, 2004).

References

Staff, C (2004) Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 7, May 24, 2000 to June 12 2000.Washington: Government Printing Office

Berlin, I (1958) ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’. Retrieved on January 2nd, 2013 from http://www.cas.umt.edu/phil/faculty/walton/Berlin2Concepts.pdf

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Change VS Tradition in Things Fall Apart

Change is often resisted, especially when the person who is to be changed has had in their current status. This is the same thing that happened with Okonkwo and the communities mentioned in the things fall apart by Chinua Achebe. With the change that the white people wanted to introduce, there was a lot of repulsion from the communities since they already had their firm beliefs about what they believed to be accurate. They felt that it was an insult to leave what was authentic and close to them. This paper discusses colonialism and its effect on cultures where it was present, especially in the African context. It also looks into the story of family relationships and how the zeal to be perfect makes Okonkwo a less liked person along with male chauvinism, which contributed to this and the disproportionate influence of the whites and how this affected him.

Firstly, the remaking of any nation has its tragedies, and it never comes along quickly. However, at the same time, the remaking can be a negative remaking or a positive remaking. Even though the whites had a significant influence in the remaking of African nations, the debate goes on about their negative impact and actions. Whether then can be compared to the positivity they brought (Achebe, 200). The other question which can be asked related to that is whether if Africans were left on their own to find enlightenment if Africa could be better off now in terms of economy and other aspects, or will it be still left behind? There is also the question of how Africans would have integrated what the white people called enlightenment with their culture and whether the cultural degradation presence now would still be the same. By answering these questions, it becomes easier to ease the ongoing debate about the role colonialism played in the education and destruction of Africa. Even though it is not entirely possible to answer these questions, it is possible to hypothesize what Africa could be and discuss the colonialism effect on culture, social organization and education of the Africans, and virtues and taboos.

Chinua Achebe is one of the greatest writers of African origin, and his book things fall apart is one of the most-read books. Its main character is Okonkwo, and this character trait is used in many different writings of the same author, including the arrow of God, whereby Okonkwo is embodied by Ezeulu (Achebe, 94). Okonkwo is a true identity of what an African man should be even in the face of problems even though he fails his village severally. His masculinity falls out of place due to him never wishing to show weakness and being haunted by his emotions which he could not control. In his story, we see how the whites came into Africa and how they made it almost impossible to continue with culture since it was regarded as untrue and idolatrous, among other harmful aspects attributed to them. Achebe presents his beliefs about African culture through the book and leaves the readers to question if it was fair for the white man to take control of something he never invented or fully understood and regard it bad.

One of the essential parts of the change that the colonists did was the remaking of religion. Catholicism was using more restraint in most places and did not outrightly ban everything about culture as Margaret Ogola in her book the river and the source states how Catholicism accepted Akoko and her daughter. They did not throw them away or proclaim ‘loudly’ that the practices of their community were unpleasant and ungodly (Ogola, 112). In contrast, in things that fall apart, Reverend James Smith is very charismatic and very much against the culture and desire of the surrounding community.

The remaking of religion is seen as torture and being lost by the other villagers for those who get to join Christianity. However, the same is true for Christians who have converted as they see those left un-converted as not enlightened and kind of left behind. Therefore, there is a lot of misunderstanding as the two religions try to prove that what they are doing is right. This is all caused by colonialism, as colonists brought religion as a way to infiltrate Africans. Even though colonialism is seen in a completely different manner from the Christianity spread and activities to some extent, it is related in that colonists, and Christian missionaries did the same thing, to change the African person and remake them in the face of the European ideals (Achebe, 120). Christianity and the missionaries, in general, are the ones who did most of the work as the government and other parts of the colonization did very little and were against the Africans due to their skin color.

The whites highly disregarded the values and culture held dear by the African people, which caused a lot of pain to the African person. At some point, they burned the church enacted on their land when Enoch dared to unmask egwugwu, which is a taboo equal to killing an ancestral spirit (Achebe, 140). The church was burnt down, which caused the leaders of the village of Umuofia to be jailed by the district commissioner. Therefore this can be explained as one of the tragedies which arise when people’s culture is being changed, and one of the critics or fanatics of Christianity tries to disrespect the other culture where he came from. It is a clear example of how culture change can be violent, humiliating, and unfair.

Change and tradition are one challenging question to answer regarding whether change is good or bad to a culture. Peoples cultures have been changed from time immemorial; for example, in the united states, the original Indians had their own culture, which was changed similarly by missionaries who saw it unfitting to them when great Britain had colonized the 13 original states of what later became a union (Native American Cuisine Returns to Its Roots, 2016). It was a painful experience, and some Indians have tried to return to their culture and practice what they valued very much. This is a clear depiction of how a person’s origin is essential. To think that a person wants to destroy what holds life together could not be fathomable to Umuofia individuals.

However, even though it was an unfair practice by the whites to try and change the ways of the Umuofia people, the question of whether it was utterly aimless or un-beneficial arises. For example, education is introduced to the community, and the western way of life is brought into the community. This kind of life is utterly unknown to the African man, and to some extent, they admire and like it; however, it is not who they are and they are trying to copy other people’s way of life, which is most of the time seen as wrong. This issue raises many questions not only after reading Chinua Achebe’s work but even in real life after observing what kind of life Africans live in the present and what they had before (Achebe, 40). There is the question of whether it was necessary and reasonable for the people to understand English and Christianity when they had their language like Igbo and had their kind of worship. These kinds of questions lead anyone analyzing to question the intention of the whites and whether it was really for the betterment of Africa or they just wanted to take possessions within the African countries that were not highly regarded due to the lack of knowledge about their value.

After the release of the prisoners, the Umuofia people decide to resist the whites. Okonkwo, filled with bitterness, kills the white people’s leader messengers hoping that the rest of the village would join him in the uprising. However, this does not happen, and he realizes that he has done something horrible. After being banished out of the village for killing Ogbuefi Ezeudu’s 16-year-old son, he faces many tragedies in the desire to be a better man (Achebe, 150). The killing of the white people messenger’s leader makes him regret the most, which ends up killing himself. The struggles Okonkwo goes through can be compared to the works missionaries and whites go through in their journey to enlighten the African man who is utterly uneducated from their perspective. The same can apply to the African people who go through a lot to protect their culture, religion, and values against the invention of the white, which they are so much against.

In conclusion, the debate between change and culture is not easy for a specific answer to be brought forward. However, culture held so dearly to its people should not be banished and done away with, especially if it is a good one that brings people together and advances social connectedness. However, a culture that separates people and hurts others has to be done away since it is not beneficial to society. The most important question to ask in the change versus culture issue is how the Europeans would, and mainly the British at that time, respond to a colonizer more potent than them who would have wanted to change their culture and beliefs they held dear?

Works Cited

“Native American Cuisine Returns to Its Roots.” Culture, 23 Nov. 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/native-american-cuisine-returns-to-its-roots.

Achebe, Chinua. “Things fall apart. 1958.” New York: Anchor 178 (1994).

Achebe, Chinua. The African Trilogy: Things Fall Apart; No Longer at Ease,[and] Arrow of God. Vol. 327. Everyman’s Library, 2010.

Ogola, Margaret A. The river and the source. Nairobi: Focus Books, 1994.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalisation

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalisation

Globalization can be defined as a situation where multinational companies conduct business all over the world. Globalisation has been brought about by; breaking of barriers to trade, unabated movement of capital, reduced carriage cost and rising use of electronic technology (Potrafke 2015, p.510). These new communication technologies have increasingly spread a largely accepted commercial culture. From entertainment industry with Disney movies dominating children screen to culture where American youth culture is imitated all over the world. The exchange of the aspects of products and ideas will not stop anytime soon since new technology is emerging that makes the world more accessible to many people. This is a commendable feat that will be beneficial for the whole world’s population. Furthermore, globalisation helps appreciate the common human-characters that keep us together. Nonetheless globalization has widened the gap between the rich and the poor and led to centralisation of decision making. Globalisation also has eroded local cultures, destroyed biodiversity and increased animosity among regions. This is the unfortunate situation presents the harsh reality of globalisation which was intended for human growth but has marginalised human needs (Ransome 1997, p.8). Globalisation has led to high inequality levels and poverty as leaders cannot effectively implement policies. Thus, political solutions with good employment and human rights are needed to navigate the effects of globalization. Government should also set up good structures that ensure decentralisation of decision making and conserve the environment (Ellwood 2001, p.12). Globalisation commenced nearly 500 years ago when there was the launch of the European colonial era, which interlinked the global economy. However, globalisation has accelerated over the recent years owing to improved technology, breaking of trade barriers and increased influence of multinational corporations (Tan and Macneill 2015, p.852). Globalisation for multinational companies for instance makes them see the world which has people of different cultures as just a group of prospective buyers. These companies treat all their buyers to similar products, similar production technique and similar policies.

References

Potrafke, N 2015, The evidence on globalization, Journal World Economy, vol. 38, issue 3, pp. 509-552.

Ransome, D 1997, Globalization – an alternative view, New Internationalist, vol. 296, pp 7-10.

Ellwood, W 2001, The no-nonsense guide to globalization, by. Verso, London, pp.12.

Tan, C and Macneill, P 2015, Globalization, economics and professionalism, Medical Teacher, vol 37, issue 9, pp. 850-855.

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Movie Response

Another America is a film produced by filmmaker Michael Cho that focuses on a conflict between African Americans and Koreans in the 20th century. The documentary touches on subjects such as history, culture clash, the past and the present life of new immigrants in America at the time, racism, personal stories, and the United States colonialism. The filmmaker, Michael Cho, also doubles as the narrator in the film. Cho decided to take it upon himself to investigate his family and the tragedy following the murder of his uncle in Detroit. The murder of his uncle hit close to home that he decided to closely examine his family’s experiences as Korean-American immigrants who were doing business at the time. In his investigation, he sheds light on the nitty gritty of the conflict in the southern central region as depicted by the uprisings of 1992 in Los Angeles.

Michael Cho captures the stories of ordinary African Americans and Koreans as they go about their business of shopping and selling in the mall. Cho decides to return to his hometown of Detroit as he wants to give them his relatives and local community members a chance to tell their own experiences of race relations with Asians. Some of the individuals that Cho features in his documentary include his cousin who is the daughter of his uncle, a Detroit poet, and an Asian-American sister and brother. Moreover, he incorporates interviews with several immigrants from Africa.

I think Cho does an impeccable job of painting the picture of the black-Korea conflict. At the time of his uncle’s murder, Cho was not In Detroit, but he decided to drive back home to film the documentary in the midst of grave riots and violence in Los Angeles. I think it was brave of Cho to take such a step, as he was placing his life at risk by doing so. Throughout the film, the audience sees scenes of rioters holding guns and shooting. There were also scenes of looting items from stores in the middle of the riots. When violence erupted between Asian Americans and Afro-Americans, all hell broke loose as there was no order, and law enforcement had difficulty controlling the crowd.

I appreciate Cho’s reporting as it is different from what other reporters were reporting. Cho’s narration was spot on and he did not shy away from addressing the issues that other people were avoiding reporting. At one point in the documentary, there was a female news reporter standing in a background where the riots were taking filled with smoke and damaged property. She mentioned that she was shocked at the ongoing scenarios as she was from that neighborhood. One could read the fear and frustration in the reporters’ voice]e and body language as she asks how she could cover the story with the violence happening right in her backyard. That scene was heartbreaking. I empathized with the lady reporter as she was in an unpleasant situation, but I expected more from the media. Cho mentioned that the main reason why he embarked on the filming journey by himself was that he was going on a fact-finding mission. I can relate to Cho’s situation and why he took it upon himself to record the documentary. He felt he could not trust the media to bring facts to the masses as they were biased in their reporting. Seeing that the conflicts between Koreans and people of color had hit home after the death of his uncle, I understand why Cho decided to send himself on a fact-finding mission. I appreciate Michel Cho’s effort in explaining the black-Asia conflict precisely as it happened in the late twentieth century.

Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019

By Lisa Drayer, CNN

Updated 6:57 AM ET, Wed January 2, 2019

(CNN)You may be aware that a plant-based diet can make you healthier by lowering your risk for obesity, heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. But research shows there’s another good reason to regularly eat meatless meals. By filling your plate with plant foods instead of animal foods, you can help save the planet.

One study, published in October in the journal Nature, found that as a result of population growth and the continued consumption of Western diets high in red meats and processed foods, the environmental pressures of the food system could increase by up to 90% by 2050, “exceeding key planetary boundaries that define a safe operating space for humanity beyond which Earth’s vital ecosystems could become unstable,” according to study author Marco Springmann of the Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food at the University of Oxford.

“It could lead to dangerous levels of climate change with higher occurrences of extreme weather events, affect the regulatory function of forest ecosystems and biodiversity … and pollute water bodies such that it would lead to more oxygen-depleted dead zones in oceans,” Springmann said.

“If the whole world, which continues to grow, eats more like us, the impacts are staggering, and the planet simply can’t withstand it,” said Sharon Palmer, a registered dietitian nutritionist and plant-based food and sustainability expert in Los Angeles who was not involved in the new research.

Sustaining a healthier planet will require halving the amount of food loss and waste, and improving farming practices and technologies. But it will also require a shift toward more plant-based diets, according to Springmann.

As Palmer noted, “research consistently shows that drastically reducing animal food intake and mostly eating plant foods is one of the most powerful things you can do to reduce your impact on the planet over your lifetime, in terms of energy required, land used, greenhouse gas emissions, water used and pollutants produced.”

How a meat-based diet negatively affects the environment

It might come as a surprise, but Springmann’s study found that the production of animal products generates the majority of food-related greenhouse-gas emissions — specifically, up to 78% of total agricultural emissions.

This, he explained, is due to manure-related emissions, to their “low feed-conversion efficiencies” (meaning cows and other animals are not efficient in converting what they eat into body weight) and to enteric fermentation in ruminants, a process that takes place in a cow’s stomach when it digests food that leads to methane emissions.

The feed-related impacts of animal products also contribute to freshwater use and pressures on cropland, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus application, which over time could lead to dead zones in oceans, low-oxygen areas where few organisms can survive, according to Springmann.

For an example of how animal foods compare with plant-based foods in terms of environmental effects, consider that “beef is more than 100 times as emissions-intensive as legumes,” Springmann said. “This is because a cow needs, on average, 10 kilograms of feed, often from grains, to grow 1 kilogram of body weight, and that feed will have required water, land and fertilizer inputs to grow.”

In addition, cows emit the potent greenhouse gas methane during digestion, which makes cows and other ruminants such as sheep especially high-emitting.

Other animal foods have lower impacts because they don’t produce methane in their stomachs and require less feed than cows, Springmann explained. For example, cows emit about 10 times more greenhouse gases per kilogram of meat than pigs and chickens, which themselves emit about 10 times more than legumes.

Like animals, plants also require inputs from the environment in order to grow, but the magnitude is significantly less, Springmann explained.

“In today’s agricultural system, we grow plants to feed animals, which require all of those resources and inputs: land, water, fossil fuels, pesticides, herbicides and fertilizer to grow. And then we feed plants to animals and care for them over their lifetime, while they produce methane and manure,” Palmer said.

Adopting more plant-based diets for ourselves could reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the food system by more than half, according to the Nature study. A mainly plant-based diet could also reduce other environmental impacts, such as those from fertilizers, and save up to quarter use of both farmland and fresh water, according to Springmann.

Palmer explained that “legumes [or pulses], such as beans, lentils and peas are the most sustainable protein source on the planet. They require very small amounts of water to grow, they can grow in harsh, dry climates, they grow in poor nations, providing food security, and they act like a natural fertilizer, capturing nitrogen from the air and fixing it in the soil. Thus, there is less need for synthetic fertilizers. These are the types of protein sources we need to rely upon more often.”

Flexitarian: The healthy compromise for you and the planet

Experts agree that if you are not ready to give up meat entirely, a flexitarian diet, which is predominantly plant-based, can help. This diet includes plenty of fruits, vegetables and plant-based protein sources including legumes, soybeans and nuts, along with modest amounts of poultry, fish, milk and eggs, and small amounts of red meat.

Vegetarian and vegan diets would result in even lower greenhouse gas emissions, but a flexitarian diet “is the least stringent that is both healthy and would reduce greenhouse gas emissions enough for us to stay within environmental limits,” according to Springmann.

Palmer said that “although vegan diets, followed by vegetarian diets, are linked with the lowest environmental impacts, not everyone is interested in taking on those lifestyles. But everyone can eat more of a flexitarian diet. It doesn’t mean that you have to give up meat completely, but you significantly reduce your intake of it.”

Registered dietitian nutritionist Dawn Jackson Blatner described it this way: “A flexitarian is really someone who wakes up with the intention of being more vegetarian. It’s different from vegetarian in that there is some flexibility.”

Going flexitarian

J

ust how “flexitarian” you wish to be can be flexible, too. For example, Blatner, who was not involved in the Nature study, offers three levels of the diet in her book “The Flexitarian Diet”: a “beginner” flexitarian, who consumes six to eight meatless meals per week (or is limited to 26 ounces of animal protein); an “advanced” flexitarian, who eats nine to 14 meatless meals per week (or is limited to 18 ounces of animal protein); and an “expert” flexitarian, who eats at least 15 meatless meals or limits animal protein to 9 ounces per week.

The key is not just eliminating meat but swapping in plant-based proteins, including beans and lentils. A Mediterranean meal might incorporate chickpeas; a Mexican meal might have black beans or pintos; an Asian meal might include edamame; an Italian meal might use white beans or lentils to make a “Bolognese” pasta sauce, Blatner explained.

“I wrote the book because I really wanted to be a vegetarian, but I just couldn’t do it so strictly,” she said. “I really wanted to lean in to a more plant-based diet, but I needed a little more flexibility. So it’s the great compromise.”

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Movie: The Three Sides of Eve

Year of Drama: 1952

Character – Eve

Axis I: Psychiatric diagnoses include recurring blackouts, moderate severity, recurring headaches, and conversion disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder

Axis II: developmental diagnoses of childhood. Multiple discrete personality states, homicidal as a defence mechanism

Axis III: Physical illness including recurring headaches, dissociation (lapses in memory), hallucinations

Axis IV: Psychological stress factors affecting patient include mistreatment by parent (mother). Inadequate family support from husband at times, discontinuities in sense of behaviour and perception.

Axis V: Global functioning – moderate about 70

The Character’s presentation

Eve White is a woman who decides to visit a psychiatrist together with her husband Ralph White after experiencing several recurring blackouts and also headaches. After treatment from the psychiatrist Dr. Curtis Luther, Eve is fine until after about one year when Ralph discovers that his wife’s wardrobe has changed into an unusually sexy aspect. When Eve is questioned over the newly acquired wardrobe, she insists that he was the one who the clothes for her. Ralph confirms with the store that his wife indeed bought everything which makes him believe that she is lying. She does not like the accusation which prompts the acute headaches. This leads to her attacking her own daughter who is trying her mother’s new clothes and high heeled shoes. A visit to Dr. Luther results in Eve revealing that although she denies the attack, she hears a voice instructing her to run from her husband and elope with a lover. She admits that she does not understand what is happening with her, a fear that eventually is the turning point of Eve’s shift in personality, who she calls Eve Black. After the family moves to Florida, she turns on and off as either Eve Black or Mrs. White after secret nocturnal escapades. A third personality appears when Mrs. Luther the psychiatrist attempts suicide. In the middle of the three personalities, she reveals that she had been mistreated at the age of six. Finally, two of her personalities banish and she bonds back to her family.

Diagnosis justifications

Dissociative identity disorder is a mental disorder whereby a sufferer experiences two or more distinct personality or identity states which are quite varied with regard to how they view the world. The three Faces of Eve is a story whereby a woman is believed to suffer from such. The diagnosis of Dissociative identity disorder is supported by the fact that Eve seems to be traumatized by events that occurred when she was six years old. Sufferers of this mental disorder usually have had traumatic experiences as either infants or children. These experiences are responsible for a child’s mind trying to dissociate the frightening memories. The fact that the personalities appear interchangeably within a period of one year is truth enough to view it not as a memory lapse. Dissociation is also evident when Eve attacks her own daughter meaning that her mind lapses to the realization that that is her own daughter.

Other symptoms include experiencing blackouts which are Eve’s initial symptoms. These blackouts recur and often are the indicators of a change in personality. When Eve goes to Florida, she often escapes at night and dances in clubs. After the personality alters into Mrs. White, she is regretful of her actions. This is also a significant sign of detecting dissociative identity disorder whereby the sufferer finds him/herself in places where they are not aware of themselves having travelled.

Eve is very angry after her husband accuses her of lying. She believes that Ralph her husband bought her the sexy clothes and shoes. Additionally, she does not believe that she attacked her own daughter. This is usually the case with Dissociative identity disorder sufferers who believe that they are being accused falsely of lying as they do not realize or even believe that they lied. When told of things they do not recall, they believe that these are just false accusations. At times, sufferers of this mental disorder may find themselves in possession of items they do not understand how they acquired. Eve finds herself with new sexy wardrobe and because she does not recalling buying the same, she assumes that it is her husband who bought the clothes and shoes for her. Eve at one time claims to be Eve Black, a situation whereby the sufferer of this mental disorder finds them claiming or being called names that they are not familiar with. At one point, Eve confides in Dr. Luther that she hears voices in her head telling her to elope with one Bonnie. Sufferers of dissociative identity disorder may hear voices and even recognize that indeed the voices are not their own even though they come from their own heads.

The most significant symptom that makes one identify Eve’s condition as dissociative Identity disorder is the feeling that one is more than one person which is evidenced in her three personalities as Mrs. White, Eve (Jane) and Eve Black.

Reference

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., TR). Washington, DC: Author

Champagne-Langabeer, T., Langabeer, J. R., Roberts, K. E., Gross, J. S., Gleisberg, G. R., Gonzalez, M. G., & Persse, D. (2019). Telehealth impact on primary care related ambulance transports. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(5), 712-717.

I got this peer reviewed source from google scholar. The database is reliable and it provides article from all fields. I can propose this to anyone looking for journal articles on telehealth. This database would be useful to my colleagues since it provides a wide range of articles in the least time possible. But the one problem with google scholar is that it gives majority of journal from US, UK and Australia. Hence to find articles from other countries I need to search in different databases. Like for an article on India, I will search in PubMed or Science Direct and for Journal of Brazilian Medicine I will search in SciELO. Yes, I would recommend this database.

I got an article on Telehealth from Google Scholar database. This database is specifically for Latin American journals on science and technology. While I was searching the databases, I found articles from all the countries of Latin American. Here are some of the countries listed in the database: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Guyana Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela. Isn’t that great? Now I won’t have to worry about finding articles for my research.

Advantages and disadvantages of binding precedent

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Introduction

The concept of binding precedent may seem absolute. The notion of binding precedent goes hand in hand with the rule of stare decisis which assigns binding force to a number of precedents. In practice however, stare decisis is a flexible concept. Since a judicial opinion may be interpreted in different ways, judges have significant latitude even when dealing with binding precedent (Scanlon, 2004). Differing interpretations results from internal tension between the facts and holding of a case to narrow factual categories, but such interpretations give the case relatively little importance. Binding precedents are not only reasons to decide new cases in a particular way, but also reasons to disregard other potential relevant reasons (Brown and Kennedy, 2000). Due to their exclusionary force binding precedents need normally not to be balanced against competing contributive reasons. If they are applicable, they normally determine the outcome of the cases in which they are applicable (Rodger, 2005). The strong force of binding precedents means that their operation in guided by a number of rules which determine which precedents have biding force for whom, and which parts of the precedents have this binding force. This paper therefore discusses the advantages and disadvantages of binding precedent.

Advantages of binding precedent

Practicality and fair judgments

One of the greatest advantages of binding precedent is that the rules are evolved from real-life cases and are, therefore, essentially practical. Again, the binding feature of the system makes it reasonably certain. The binding precedent is meant to make the law fair to everyone and judges in their rulings are to follow the past decisions made by other judges, in similar cases. This creates a fair judgment and provides certainty in law. Suppose judges frequently make a new law in every case, there would be no democracy (Scanlon, 2004). Laws that could lead to dictatorship would result in a free environment where every judge makes a ruling.

Obiter dictum

According to Harris 2002 Binding precedent or stare decisis is a statement of law based on truth and does not form the basis of a decision. Therefore, suppose a judge considers it necessary to give his or her opinion on some point during the proceedings not necessary for the case, the opinion does not count or have binding authority on a different court (Harris, 2002). However, the opinion of a judge may have a persuasive effect on another case (Hondius, 2007). Since binding precedents provide reasons which are even more formal than persuasive precedents, a legal system is the more formal, the more binding precedent are recognized.

Dissenting judgment

In majority of the courts, as stated by Scanlon 2004, one case is given a hearing by more than one judge and so there are full assenting judgments and dissenting judgements in one case. The cases are determined by majority and so biasness and unfair judgments cases are reduced (Scanlon, 2004). A dissenting judgment is an opinion that is contrary to another court’s ruling on a given case. The judgment may not be binding but, may have a persuasive effect on other cases (Steiner et al. 2009). With binding precedent, there is only one speech, which is a combination of more than three judges’ rulings.

Disadvantages of binding precedent

Lack of flexibility

Scanlon, 2004 states that binding precedent is only set, and suppose the material facts in a given case is similar to another which follows it. This does not give it enough flexibility in handling complex cases. Suppose any two cases have distinguishable facts, then the ruling does not apply in the second case (Scanlon, 2004). Each case must have a distinct feature compared to other and assumption that some cases are similar seem to lose sense (Steiner et al. 2009). Crimes are committed differently and to different degrees and so their lack of similarity. The binding precedent can also be used by judgments to avoid consequences of a former inconvenient decision that might otherwise be binding (Brown and Kennedy, 2000).

Unfair Overruling

A lower court’s decisions may be overruled by a higher court, for instance, the High Court’s decision can be overruled by the Court of Appeal. In some cases even if the inferior’s ruling is correct, it can be overruled by superior court. According to Rodgers 2005, apart from overruling resulting from improper law application, or because court considers the ruling obtained in the former is no longer desirable, there may exist unfair overruling based on personal opinions (Rodger, 2005).

Per Incurium

This is a decision reached by mistake or carelessness. Some of the judges waiting to clear a case make unlawful judgments on given cases. Every case is different and so demands a deferent ruling which is not the case with some rulings (Buxton, 2009). A decision of a court is not considered binding precedent suppose given per incuriam. Though majority of the decisions made carelessly are identified, few cases go through. This also happens when many judgements do not participant in making a decision (Hondius, 2007).

Conclusion

In a nut shell, there are numerous advantages of binding precedent compared to the negative effects. Binding precedent is fair as every individual are subjected to similar judgment in any crime committed. This also prevents judges from under or overruling in a given case. Therefore, binding precedent is highly practical and acceptable. When making a decision on a case, it is vital to understand the gravity and possible binding effects of the made decision of a given court. Considering the past similar cases can give an insight of how to handle a given case. However, it is essential to emphasize that the lower court’s decision are not binding on senior court, the higher court is free to give a different decision in any case. Considering cases that are presented before the court, they should ensure that the case ruling takes into account the binding decisions of the superior courts. Binding precedent tends to dwell in the hand of few and imaginative ideas rather practice and so do not apply in some cases. It is therefore important for judges to give a deferent ruling in each case. To avoid biasness however, three or four rulings should be applicable on a single case.

Bibliography Brown, L.N., and Kennedy, T. (2000), Brown and Jacobs: @ e Court of Justice of the European Communities (5th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell).

Buxton, R. (2009) ‘How the Common Law Gets Made: Hedley Byrne and other Cautionary Tales’, 125 Law Quarterly Review, 60.

Harris, B.V. (2002), ‘Final Appellate Courts Overruling their Own “Wrong” Precedents: (e Ongoing Search for a Principle’, 118 Law Quarterly Review, 408.

Hondius, E. (2007) ‘Precedent and the Law’, Electronic Journal of Comparative Law (at www.ejcl.org/113/article113–3.pdf)

Rodger, A., (2005), ‘A Time for Everything under the Law: Some Reactions on Retrospectively’, Law Quarterly Review, (121), 57.

Scanlon, G. (2004), ‘Stare Decisis and the Court of Appeal: Judicial Confusion and Judicial Reform, 23 (JUL), 212.

Steiner, J., Woods, L., and Twigg-Flesner, C. (2009), EU Law (10th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Name

Course

Lecturer

Date

“Movements of Management”

There is need to know the movements of management in a firm in order to have well analyzed and synthesized workflows that will increase efficiency while improving the investor portfolios with increased transparency, accountability and labor productivity. It introduces sequences and scientific processes to management improving the output of the firm through best practices by the insiders (Gershon, 2).

To achieve such competence, the process of management is streamlined through a number of managerial impetuses that positively affect the processes within the firm hence impacting positively on the investors. To achieve such, the management has to take note of different weaknesses and strengths in SWOT analysis to arrive at a number of best practices that can be used to create a functional system within the management movement to increase efficiency (Scheiber, 14). The standardization of best practices aims at elimination of wastage of resources like time and money through synthesis and analysis of work ethics. This is complemented by empiricism, logic and rationality of the insiders to help raise the firm’s position hence increasing the investors’ portfolios.

Knowing the movements of management within the firm helps in realizing the loose points within the system that are often embodied within traditions and cultures of the firm that are preserved for the sake in protection social statuses of certain workers or given stereotypes( Gershon, 12). When these areas are identified, personal production is transformed into mass production with personal competences and skills pooled to create one holistic production unit.

When cultures and traditions are broken, there is creation of an atmosphere that allows knowledge transfer among the workers and this is then relayed to the processes, tools and documentation hence increasing efficiency while reducing costs in time and resources.

To achieve such milestones, it is imperative that the movements of management within a firm are scrutinized and interrogated in order to establish, reject and correct traditional tendencies and beliefs within the chains of production (Scheiber, 22). The changes effected should be considerate of the factors of production and should aim at quality instead of quantity, for instance, while it is obvious that workers working longer shifts produce more, workers who have breaks or shorter shifts produce better quality. Their relative production in quantity also surpasses that of the former group.

The empirical methodologies used in determination and establishment of efficient procedures help firms to avoid perpetuation of the established traditional methods through application of operations research and management, logistics and business process management. The application of these practices leads to high managerial control over processes and the factors of production (Gershon, 15). Closer monitoring of the workers and the production process in the detail-oriented management leads to desirable traits and practices from the insiders.

The practices of the insiders directly impact on the investor through a cause and effect reaction in the chained production models that are widely used. If there is lack of efficiency in the production processes, the cost of production rises as the quantity and quality of production falls. This leads to loss of revenue for the investors. Similarly, when the insiders use considerably better methods and practices, the process of production becomes cheaper with a rise in revenue for the investors (Gershon, 13).

Workers conduct both in duties and personal conduct also impact on the firm through implications on the brand. Negative implications affect the investors due to the negative PR generated. The movements of management therefore need to streamline worker conduct too through introduction of codes of conduct and professional ethics that should be closely observed. The close monitoring should however be considered to avoid creation of tension and reduction of self expression since it decreases the innovation and motivation of the workers (Scheiber, 19).

Works Cited

Gershon, Richard. Telecommunications Management: Industry Structures and Planning

Strategies, Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001

Scheiber, Lukas. Next Taylorism: A Calculus of Knowledge Work, Frankfurt am Main, BRD:

Peter Lang. 2012