Category: Uncategorized

Motorola Solution Inc.

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Table of Contents

Item Page

Problems…………………………………….………………….……3

Solutions……………………………………….……………….…….5

Diversification of Operations..………………………………………5

Technological Advancements……………………………………….7

Cooperation………….…………………………….…………………8

Decision Matrix………………………………………………………9

Outcome Measures and Expectations……………….………………10

Most Appropriate Solutions…………………………………………10

References………………………………………………………..…12

Motorola Solutions Inc.

This paper gives a critical situational analysis of Motorola Solutions Incorporation (MSI). It does this by focusing on its internal and external environments, challenges, and their recommended remedial measures. To begin with, MMSI is a telecommunications company founded on 04/01/2011. The Schaumburg-based company is traded at the New York Stock Exchange. Its current Chief Executive Officer, who also serves as the chair of the Board of Directors, Greg Brown, has steered the company. By 2011, it had a total of 23,000 workers with a total asset of $13.92 billion, and a net income of US$ 1.15 billion (Gart, 2006). MSI is guided by a moral principle, which strives to create indispensable indestructible tools to help to improve the lives of people from all corners of the world. It serves the government, health, public safety, and other private entrepreneurs.

Problems

Today, the carrying out of business in the world is becoming increasingly challenging. Many entrepreneurs have faced a lot of obstacles, which have really thrarted the rate of their growth. This is not unique to this company because it has had to confront the following:

First, there has been a lot of problems facing the company’s products due to obsolescence. The world has become so dynamic to the extent that it only needs highly creative manufactures to come up with the novel products. Meaning, most of the commodities, which were manufactured by this company including two way radios and business radios, are no longer in fashion as a result of the emrgence of micro kioskks, mobile computers, and wireless broadband networks (Wheen, 2011). This situation results from the ever changing needs of the consumers, who often want to experience the use of the new commodities, which are designed in better ways to suit them. The trend is rapidly changing towards the use of more portable products, which can be used to perform multiple tasks.

Despite being one of the leading suppliers of telecommunications equipments, MSI has been facing a very stiff competition from other companies. These include the Huawei International Private Limited, Phillips Electronics North America Corp., Nokia Siemens Networks OyNovAtel Carcom Inc., and Philips Electronics North America Corp. These are some of the reputable companies, which offer complementary services to this company. Hence, it has become extremely difficult to compete with them, since they have a wider coverage. Most of them, like Nokia, are multinationals with branches in nearly all the continents. Ever since the communication sector became lucrative, many entrepreneurs have invested their money here. Hence, there is a very stiff war, which only needs well-prepared companies to be engaged into; thus, necessitating the survival for the fittest. All the less competitive producers can be easily eliminated from the market.

The competition faced from them has led to a lot of legal tussles revolving around copyright and patent issues. Besides, it has led to the price wars, where rival manufacturers deliberately charge lower prices in order to appeal most to the potential customers. This has necessitated the diversification of products and improved quality of services. Hence, MSI has taken the initiative to improve the quality of its products. As a result, it has become possible for it to enjoy competative advantage over others, to increase the volume of its sales, and to increase its revenue in the past fiscal years (Silver, Joann, 2008). This explains why it is rapidly expanding its operations to many places today. Meaning, the management has taken advantage of this competition to improve the company’s services, so as to be the best telecommunications provider in the market.

Lastly, there is a problem of overdependence on a section of the market. Given that MSI produces government and enterprise services, a lot of focus is put on the former meaning, most of the revenues are derived from the sales of products made to the government and its agencies (Dee, 2005). According to the company’s financial report, in the 2010/11 fiscal year, a total of 65% of its revenue was derived from the government. At the same time, there was a regional imbalance in the distribution of this income. While the USA accounted for 53.6%, UK, China, Israel and Japan followed with 8.2%, 3.9%, 2.1% and 12% respectively.

Solutions

Facing challenges does not mean a collapse of an enterprise. A good manager takes advantage of challenges by viewing them as opportunities for further development. Based on the above problems, the paper would like to recommend the following remedial measures:

Diversification of Operations

Concentration on one customer and specific region is a dangerous affair. It may affect the company in many ways. First, it can be detrimental during crisis. When the very client has economic problems, it can become so difficult for it to purchase the same commodity they way it used to do before. In this case, it becomes challenging for the supplier as well, since it will have to experience the same difficulty (Dan, 2010).

Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the paper recommends that the company should embrace the spirit of diversity. Meaning, it should ensure that it establishes a very large pool of clients to supply with its products. If this happens, it will be in a position of encountering such disasters. It will help it in the diversification of risks, because it will have alternative customers to serve should one fail. If MSI can consolidate its market amongst the private entrepreneurs, it will increase the chances of increasing the rate of its stock turnover. Overreliance on the government, as the main client, may be so disappointing, especially if the tender is not awarded (Dan, 2010).

All the entrepreneurs understand the bureaucratic procedures involved into the government deals. Before awarding any tender, adverts are made in the print, broadcast, and online media. At times, even international bidders are involved. In this situation, it becomes too competitive to win the tender. Moreover, it may be challenging if one of the rival companies unites with the concerned authority top in order to win the tender. If this happens, the company will automatically lose its main market. Meaning, it will store dead stock or be compelled to look for the new market. All this risk can be avoided by diversifying the market.

Concentration of market on one line must be avoided at all costs. A team of dedicated sales and marketing professionals should be deployed in the potential areas to promote the company’s products. They should begin their work with placing informative adverts in all the available media sources. However, this should be done after carrying out a market research aimed at understanding the actual context of the market. If the market is expanded, the company will be safe, because it will easily spread risks and survive, even if a section of its market faces economic crises (Gart, 2006).

The management of this company must appreciate the fact that their products are used without any boundaries. People in the contemporary society are very much happy with the various brands of telecommunication products, because they have made life better for them. Therefore, it is not a wise decision to concentrate the market in only one region. Even if the USA may be the area with the highest number of clients, deliberate efforts must be made to ensure that a larger market base is established in all other continents. It is only a matter of decision and investment. Any kind of a customer only needs to be informed about the new commodity, so as to make a decision on whether to purchase it or not. This implies the application of all the deliberate efforts to coax them to embrace the new products from this company.

Technological Advancements

There should be a diversification of services in this company. Meaning, different kinds of products should be manufactured, so as to address the demands of various clients in this highly dynamic society. Instead of concentrating on the production of a few commodities, the management should come up with strategies to increase the number of their products (Steinbock, 2007).

The manufacturing of such products will only result from the adoption of high technological skills. Hence, there will be a variety of products, which can substitute one another, in line with the tastes and preferences of different clients. Before coming up with such an idea, it is paramount to conduct a market research in order to understand the demands of customers. Probably, this is why MSI has now come up with a variety of products including OEM Scan Engines, tablets, two way radios, SCADA Systems, enterprise voice, Iden Networks, WLAN Accessories, RFID Accessories, support and help desk applications, and network design software.

In order to do this in an effective manner, it will be essential for the company to employ the highly qualified personnel, who have a deeper understanding of the customer needs. They should be knowledgeable about the target customers, so as to design the most appropriate commodities, which will address their constantly changing demands (Gart, 2006). At the same time, they must be knowledgeable regarding the modern technological advancements, which many of the clients aspire to conform to. If a variety of products is manufactured to appeal to the clients, they will do all that they can in order to acquire them because it will become popular.

Since the world has become so advanced, it is advisable for the management of this company to respond with immediate effect. Apart from hiring a highly qualified team of personnel to spearhead the smooth running of the company, a lot of funds should be allocated for carrying out various researches. It is only through this that the company will be able get all the relevant information, which it needs in order to produce commodities, which are good enough to satisfy the diverse needs of its clients. This should be done as a response to the external environment, which may be too competitive. It is only better initiatives, which can save the company from succumbing to this competition however stiff it may be. If this is properly done, the company will come up with the most appropriate commodities tailored to the satisfaction of the current modern market. At the same time, they should be given a number of alternative commodities to choose from in line with their preference and tastes.

Cooperation

In order to encounter the intensifying problem of competition, it is advisable for the company to form mergers with its leading rivals. This will mean pooling together resources and having an assured control of the market. As already explained, operating as individual entities may be so challenging given the high level of competition in this sector (Blumberg, 2000). Therefore, in order to avoid the cases of price wars among other forms of unhealthy competition, it is better to come up with the ideas of uniting these firms, so as to form one major one, which can be easier to manage (Armstrong, Kesten, 2007).

The paper recommends that MSI should form mergers with Huawei International Private Limited, Phillips Electronics North America Corp., Nokia Siemens Networks Oy NovAtel Carcom Inc., and Philips Electronics North America Corp. Through this initiative it will be easier for it to have a large portion of the market by ensuring that its services are spread to all corners of the world, where they may be needed. As a result, it will enjoy a competitive advantage over other smaller industries, which may end end up collapsing in the long run (Armstrong, Kesten, 2007). This can also be achieved through franchizing existing companies.

Generally, unhealthy competition may be so destructive for any business. Therefore, if different firms deal in a similar line of commodities, it is not wrong if they pool their resources together in order to establish one stronger company. Doing this can enable them to increase their chances of controling the market. It may either result into a monoploy or oligopoly. In such a situation, it becomes easier for those firms to expand their market base and access other areas they could not reach before coming together. As a result, there will be an increased rate of stock turnover, a development which will obviously lead to the growth of each of them.

Decision Matrix

Alternative Cost (%) Effficiency (%) Relevance (%) Total Score(Ranking: 1-3)

Diversification of Operations

90 95 93 1

Technological Advancements

70 68 93 2

Cooperation 67 54 76 3

Outcomes, Measures and Expectations

MSI is making a very good progress. Having a net income of US$1.15 billion is not a mean achievement. However, it still has to come up with viable strategies to improve its technology, diversify its operations, and form amalgamations. The company should formulate policies aimed at making feasible decisions, which can help it to accomplish both its short and long term goals (Wheen, 2011). This is the only way, through which it can accomplish its long term goals of being the telecommunication company of choice.

Most Appropriate Solution

According to the above explanation, the paper recommends that diversification is the best alternative to salvage this company. This is because it will ensure a radical shift from the current trend, which is characterized by discriminative distribution. It is natural that manufactures always become biased towards some clients depending on their buying trends. However, the paper strongly suggests that customers can always be manipulated. According to industrial psychology, the perception of buyers towards a particular commodity can be directly controlled by the producer of the same commodity. As already illustrated, it is a very dangerous affair to concentrate market on one particular client and region. Life is changing and people are subject to such changes. Anything can happen, which may seriously affect the buyer. In this case, even the supplier will have to endure difficulties, because it will be the time it will be trying to launch the new markets (Richard, Muller, 2004).

The only way, which such foreseen certainties can be escaped through, is the widening of the market. All the efforts must be made to ensure that the company’s products are sold to different people from all the corners of the world. As already highlighted, the management must realize the important role of media in promoting the company. Advertisements should make in all the available media resources, especially in the internet. Here the target clients will get an opportunity to get information about the company, its products, and the ways they can suit them irrespective of their geographical, economic, and social background. At the same time, it will create room for the company to correct any misconception, which might have been created about it by its rivals.

References

Armstrong, J. S., Kesten, C. G. (2007). Competitor-Oriented Objectives: The Myth of Market Share. International Journal of Business 12 (1): 116–134.

Blumberg, P. I. (2000). The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New

Corporate Personality. New York: Mackmillan Publishers.

Dan, S. (2010) Winning Across Global Markets: How Nokia Creates Strategic Advantage in a

Fast-Changing World. New Jersy: Jossey-Bass/Wiley.

Dee, H. (2005). One from Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization. Berrett-Koehler

Publishers.

Gary, A. D. (2007). Network Warrior. O’Reilly.

Gart, J. H. (2006). Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968 –

Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft. Arizona: Arizona State University.

Richard, B., Muller, R. E. (2004). Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Steinbock, D. (2007). The Nokia Revolution: The Story of an Extraordinary Company That

Transformed an Industry. AMACOM Books.

Silver, S., Joann, L. S. (2008). Motorola Lures Jha to Head Cellphone Unit. The Wall Street Journal: p. B1.

Wheen, A. (2011) DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from

the Telegraph to the Internet. Springer Publishers.

Ahmya Ash                                                                   

Advanced Composition 213

Professor Ruby LewisOctober 29, 2020

“Everyday Use”

In Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use,” Dee (Wangero) Johnson neglects her real heritage and adapts a new one, while belittling her family who lack education. Dee remains unevolved throughout time no matter her changes in beliefs. Although Dee achieves her goals by overcoming her circumstances such as poverty and racial discrimination, she is not admirable for her achievements or courage. She is selfish and self-centered, and remains unchanged from her childhood to now after several years. When she was younger her family’s house burnt to ashes scarring her sister and leaving her family to start over again. Her mother “Mama” believes Dee watched the house burn in awe and that she should have done a dance around the ashes. Dee’s disregards empathy for her sister’s tragic experience, and lack of gratitude for the money raised for her education, gives insight to how self- centered she is (Alice, 451). Additionally, Dee continuously gravitating towards nicer more luxury items. Her desire for quilts indicates her static behavior. Dee usually parades around with flashy attire, making her a target to envy by her friends and family.

Dee’s relationship with her family first became estranged after she left for school in Augusta. Dee is the only one in her family that has the privilege of higher education. Mama and her sister “Maggie” did all that they could to raise money at the church to send her to college. Doing so, Mama noticed the first time Dee showed any sort of affection towards Maggie, which gives you context into Dee’s selfishness. Maggie, who is very timid, often gets anxious and nervous around her sister. Dee is exceptionally beautiful compared to Maggie, which does not aid in closing the animosity between sisters. While at school Dee was exposed to a life outside of rural and farm like living. She surrounds herself with individuals who are “woke” or actively seeking knowledge about their ancestry (Alice, 453). Indulging herself in the Black Consciousness Movement, she adopts a new-found persona or “heritage.” She does not have the best understanding of African culture. While on this journey she simultaneously neglects her own roots. More concerning, Dee’s attempts to try and “wake up” the community is more counterproductive than productive. She ultimately demeans and degrades her family and friends instead of inspiring their development.

During the Black Consciousness Movement, Dee acquired a new Afrocentric identity. Dee’s persona becomes loud, garish, and judgmental. She operates under the guise of “Black Pride” and a “pre-slavery identity” which is popular amongst many black college students of the 1960’s. Dee’s colorful attire and preference to be called “Wangero” seems forced and without nuance. Her appreciation of “everyday” objects, like the butter churn and quilts lies not in their practical usage, -but in the history of the objects. She seeks to reclaim these artifacts rather than use them in everyday life, which does not sit well with Mama. Dee challenges people including activists, separatists, or anyone else who disregards or rejects her version of Black legacy. The individuals who indulge themselves in the Black Consciousness Movement have a romanticized view of Africa. They do not embrace the cruel reality of what it is to be Black in America. Much less embrace the strength it takes African Americans to persevere in such circumstances. Dee has a theoretical domain of a belief system. This system stands out completely from the natural, and physical, work concentrated way of life Mama and Maggie are used to.

Dee’s distorted perception of her heritage stems from her not wanting to be connected to slavery. It is evident that Dee is more into displaying her new-found beliefs as a way to make herself feel more empowered in her life. Rather than embracing her history in a way that represents and expresses her ancestor’s trials and tribulations. Dee chooses to showcase parts of her life that look good. She picks and chooses that parts of her heritage that she wants to acknowledge and disregards the ones that don’t serve her image. She skips over the pain of the past and only shows a highlighted reel. Quite the opposite, Mama and Maggie have embraced all parts of the life they have built. Dee is fascinated by their rural authenticity, snapping photos while she visits them like they are on display at a museum. In doing so, Dee viably disrespects and cuts herself off from her family. Rather than respecting and grasping her authentic roots, Dee looks down on her family’s poverty. She believes herself to be above them.

Dee (Wangero) lives in her own world as she tries to find her new identity within African cultures. She has rejected her real and known heritage in favor of a constructed one. Dee does not think her sister and mother understand the value in their family’s artifacts. She has the vein idea that her ancestors’ belongings should be preserved. Being detached from the objects themselves she believes they should be preserved and admired later. Mama and Maggie have a personal bond to their family’s belongings. They have cherished the relationships with those who had them before. For Mama and Maggie using the possessions like the hand-stitched quilts, it is a way to keep the memory alive of those who made them. Due to Dee’s superficial nature she rather possesses items of her grandmother to show off to her peers. Which is ironic because at the same time she denounces her name which was also her grandmothers’. Dee is so determined to detach herself from her actual heritage; she ultimately loses herself in a fictional identity.

Works Cited

Walker, Alice. “Everyday Use.” Reading Literature and Writing Argument. 3rd ed. Eds. Missy James and Alan P. Merickel. Pearson, 2007 449–455

Radhi, Shaimaa Hadi. “Aesthetic Image of the Animal Epithet in Alice Walker’s Short Story” Everyday Use” Advances in Language and Literary Studies 8.5 (2017): 120-127.

Bell, Judith. “Like Mother, Like Daughter: Parental Expectations in Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use”.” 4 Kevin Ung, Director of McNair Scholar’s Program Introduction 5 Sara Baker, TRIO Logistics Manager & Coach Note from the Editor: 6.

Challenges Faced by Transgender Young Adults

Student’s Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Identity crisis is a common problem among young adults, especially transgender people who experience changes later in their lives. Gender dysphoria is phycological distress that results from an incongruence between an individual’s sex that is assigned at birth and one’s gender identity which they developed later in life. Young adults are at a stage in life that poses a major psychological problem in which a person fails to relate to either socially acceptable gender – male and female. While a person may be born female, and transform later in life to be a male, they may undergo psychological and hormonal changes that they previously not experienced. As a result, most transgender people are vulnerable to symptoms of depression and anxiety as they are not sure whether they will be fully adopted by society for what they have chosen to be and what they were previously. For this assignment, I will analyze the poem, “A letter to the girl I used to be” by Ethan Smith to help understand the challenges that young adults pass through especially those experiencing gender changes.

The text, “A letter to the girl I used to be,” highlights the story of a young man in his early 20’s narrating the changes and challenges that he faced when transforming from a female to a male. According to the poem, Ethan describes how it feels to be trapped inside the wrong body. He writes to a young girl, a female version of his younger self named Emily. Previously, he was a girl, but presently, he is a male. In the poem, Ethan goes back to the days when he was Emily, and here he experiences numerous challenges. For example, he states that every time she goes to watch baseball, a voice he no longer recognizes whispers “Ethan, do you remember? When you were gonna be the first girl in the major leagues-Seattle Mariners. Rally Cap.” By this, Ethan is referring to him as a young girl who reminds him of the time, he was young and wanted to be the first girl baseball league player. When Ethan was Emily, he wanted to be a baseball player, but maybe his ambitions have changed since transforming from a female to a male, and this is why he is conflicted about his past and present interests.

References

Ethan Smith. “A Letter to the Girl I Used to Be.” Retrieved from: https://youtube.be/Lkn06Y8prDU

Challenges and Solutions to Evidence-Based Practice

Name:

Institution:

Date:

Research and Policy Differences

Evidence-based practice refers to the application of evidence to inform social work practice. Social workers rely on empirical and other types of evidence in making professional decisions in various scenarios during the course of their work. One of the advantages of evidence-based practice is that social workers rely on tested and proven methods which lead to the best outcomes. Despite the benefits of evidence-based practice, there are several challenges that social workers encounter. One of these is the disconnect between research and policy. Much research goes into finding the best evidence-based practices, but it takes time for these practices to be translated into policy. By the time social work policies are updated to reflect available research, there will be newer practices still, meaning social workers are unable to work with the latest evidence in the course of their practice (Grady et al., 2018). Both the social workers and the people they work with lose out as they may not have access to the most recent findings that may work best for them.

The solution to this disconnect between research and policy is to work towards an integrated system where policymakers work with researchers. The whole point of research is to find new and more effective ways of doing things, and this research should not go to waste due to the red tape and bureaucracy in policymaking. Policies should be frequently updated to reflect current research, encouraging innovation and leading to better outcomes for clients.

Generalization

A second challenge with evidence-based practice is that it is mainly based on aggregate data, which is a generalization that may not apply to individual scenarios. Research generally relies on samples to study trends and the efficacy of different interventions. While samples are usually taken to represent a general population, every individual has a unique situation. The evidence used by the social worker may not apply to certain people in these circumstances. This presents a challenge to social workers who work with people from different backgrounds as they need to come up with different solutions (Scurlock-Evans & Upton, 2015). There may not be adequate evidence to guide the social worker on what they should do in some cases. Samples give a general idea of what to expect, but this comes at the price of specificity. The worker has to adjust their knowledge to the specific situation based on factors such as age, gender, cultural background, race, and severity of the problem.

The best way to deal with this challenge is to encourage social workers to tailor available evidence to individual situations. Cultural competence training is essential towards this end. This involves training workers to be aware of the cultural backgrounds of their clients, which affects the way they accept and respond to treatment. There is no one size fits all solution in social work, meaning that social workers should be competent enough to recognize which solutions work best in specific situations. Tailoring evidence to specific situations based on the circumstances will ensure the best outcomes for both the social worker and their clients. Social workers must have a high level of awareness to make the best judgment in different situations.

In summary, evidence-based practice is an essential tool for social workers. It guides them on which solutions work best based on collected evidence. The workers have a good idea of what solutions they should apply and what results to expect. Despite challenges such as the disconnect between research and policy and generalization, evidence-based practice is still a critical tool in social work. It equips social workers with relevant information and evidence that guides their practice, allowing them to make the best decisions for their clients.

References

Grady, M. D., Wike, T., Putzu, C., Field, S., Hill, J., Bledsoe, S. E., & Massey, M. (2018). Recent social work practitioners’ understanding and use of evidence-based practice and empirically supported treatments. Journal of Social Work Education, 54(1), 163-179.

Scurlock-Evans, L., & Upton, D. (2015). The role and nature of evidence: A systematic review of social workers’ evidence-based practice orientation, attitudes, and implementation. Journal of evidence-informed social work, 12(4), 369-399.

Motors And Generators

Electric Motors and Generators, group of devices used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or electrical energy into mechanical energy, by electromagnetic means. A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a generator, alternator, or dynamo, and a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called a motor.

Two related physical principles underlie the operation of generators and motors. The first is the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered in 1831 by the British scientist and inventor Michael Faraday. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or if the strength of a magnetic field passing through a stationary conducting loop is made to vary, a current is set up or “induced” in the conductor. The converse of this principle is that of electromagnetic reaction, first observed by the French physicist André Marie Ampère in 1820. If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a mechanical force on it.

The simplest of all dynamoelectric machines is the disc dynamo developed by Faraday. It consists of a copper disc that is mounted so that part of the disc, from the centre to the edge, is between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. When the disc is rotated a current is induced between the centre of the disc and its edge by the action of the field of the magnet. The disc can be made to operate as a motor by applying a voltage between the edge of the disc and its centre, causing the disc to rotate because of the force produced by magnetic reaction.

Generally, in larger machines, electromagnets are employed. Both motors and generators consist of two basic units: the field, which is the electromagnet with its coils; and the armature, which is the structure supporting the conductors that cut the magnetic field and carry the induced current in a generator, or the exciting current in a motor. The armature is usually a laminated soft-iron core around which conducting wires are wound in coils.

If an armature revolves between two stationary field poles, the current in the armature moves in one direction during half of each revolution and in the other direction during the other half. To produce a steady flow of unidirectional, or direct, current from such a device, it is necessary to provide a means of reversing the current flow outside the generator once during each revolution. In older machines this reversal is accomplished by means of a commutator-a split metal ring mounted on the shaft of the armature. The two halves of the ring are insulated from each other and serve as the terminals of the armature coil. Fixed brushes of metal or carbon are held against the commutator as it revolves, connecting the coil electrically to external wires. As the armature turns, each brush is in contact alternately with the halves of the commutator, changing position at the moment when the current in the armature coil reverses its direction. Thus there is a flow of unidirectional cur!

rent in the outside circuit to which the generator is connected. DC generators are usually operated at fairly low voltages to avoid the sparking between brushes and commutator that occurs at high voltage. The highest potential commonly developed by such generators is 1,500 V. In some newer machines this reversal is accomplished using power electronic devices, for example, diode rectifiers.

Modern DC generators use drum armatures that usually consist of a large number of windings set in longitudinal slits in the armature core and connected to appropriate segments of a multiple commutator. In an armature having only one loop of wire, the current produced will rise and fall depending on the part of the magnetic field through which the loop is moving. A commutator of many segments used with a drum armature always connects the external circuit to one loop of wire moving through the high-intensity area of the field, and as a result the current delivered by the armature windings is virtually constant. Fields of modern generators are usually equipped with four or more electromagnetic poles to increase the size and strength of the magnetic field. Sometimes smaller interpoles are added to compensate for distortions in the magnetic flux of the field caused by the magnetic effect of the armature.

DC generators are commonly classified according to the method used to provide field current for energizing the field magnets. A series-wound generator has its field in series with the armature, and a shunt-wound generator has the field connected in parallel with the armature. Compound-wound generators have part of their fields in series and part in parallel. Both shunt-wound and compound-wound generators have the advantage of delivering comparatively constant voltage under varying electrical loads. A magneto is a small DC generator with a permanent-magnet field.

In general, DC motors are similar to DC generators in construction. When current is passed through the armature of a DC motor, a torque is generated by magnetic reaction, and the armature revolves. The action of the commutator and the connections of the field coils of motors are precisely the same as those used for generators. The revolution of the armature induces a voltage in the armature windings. This induced voltage is opposite in direction to the outside voltage applied to the armature, and hence is known as back emf or counter emf (electromotive force). As the motor rotates more rapidly the back emf rises until it is almost equal to the applied voltage. The current is then small and the speed of the motor will remain constant as long as the motor is not under load and performing no mechanical work except that required to turn the armature. Under load the armature turns more slowly, reducing the back emf and permitting a larger current to flow in the armature. The motor !

is thus able to receive more electric power from the source supplying it and to do more mechanical work.

Because the speed of rotation controls the flow of current in the armature, special devices must be used for starting DC motors. When the armature is at rest, it has virtually no resistance, and if the normal working voltage is applied, a large current will flow, which may damage the commutator or the armature windings. The usual means of preventing such damage is the use of a starting resistance in series with the armature to lower the current until the motor begins to develop an adequate back emf. As the motor picks up speed the resistance is gradually reduced, either manually or automatically.

The speed at which a DC motor operates depends on the strength of the magnetic field acting on the armature, as well as on the armature current. The stronger the field, the slower is the rate of rotation needed to generate a back emf large enough to counteract the applied voltage. For this reason the speed of DC motors can be controlled by varying the field current.

Alternating-Current (AC) Generators (Alternators)

As stated above, a simple generator without a commutator will produce an electric current that alternates in direction as the armature revolves. Such alternating current is advantageous for electric power transmission, and hence most large electric generators are of the AC type. In its simplest form, an AC generator differs from a DC generator in only two particulars: the ends of its armature winding are brought out to solid unsegmented slip rings on the generator shaft instead of to commutators, and the field coils are energized by an external DC source rather than by the generator itself. Low-speed AC generators are built with as many as 100 poles, both to improve their efficiency and to attain more easily the frequency desired. Alternators driven by high-speed turbines, however, are often two-pole machines. The frequency of the current delivered by an AC generator is equal to half the product of the number of poles and the number of revolutions per second of the armature.

It is often preferable to generate as high a voltage as possible. Rotating armatures are not practical in such applications because of the possibility of sparking between brushes and slip rings and the danger of mechanical failures that might cause short circuits. Alternators are therefore constructed with a stationary armature within which revolves a rotor composed of a number of field magnets. The principle of operation is exactly the same as that of the AC generator described, except that the magnetic field (rather than the conductors of the armature) is in motion.

The current generated by the alternators described above rises to a peak, sinks to zero, drops to a negative peak, and rises again to zero a number of times each second, depending on the frequency for which the machine is designed. Such current is known as single-phase alternating current. If, however, the armature is composed of two windings, mounted at right angles to each other, and provided with separate external connections, two current waves will be produced, each of which will be at its maximum when the other is at zero. Such current is called two-phase alternating current. If three armature windings are set at 120° to each other, current will be produced in the form of a triple wave, known as three-phase alternating current. A larger number of phases may be obtained by increasing the number of windings in the armature, but in modern electrical-engineering practice three-phase alternating current is most commonly used, with the three-phase alternator the dynamoelectric !

machine typically employed for the generation of electric power. Voltages as high as 23,200 V are common in alternators.

Two basic types of motors are designed to operate on polyphase alternating current: synchronous motors and induction motors. The synchronous motor is analogous to a three-phase alternator. The field magnets are mounted on the rotor and are excited by direct current, and the armature winding is divided into three parts and fed with three-phase alternating current. The variation of the three waves of current in the armature causes a varying magnetic reaction with the poles of the field magnets, and makes the field rotate at a constant speed that is determined by the frequency of the current in the AC power line.

The constant speed of a synchronous motor is advantageous in certain devices. However, in applications where the mechanical load on the motor becomes very great, synchronous motors cannot be used, because if the motor slows down under load it will “fall out of step” with the frequency of the current and come to a stop. Synchronous motors can be made to operate from a single-phase power source by the inclusion of suitable circuit elements that cause a rotating magnetic field.

The simplest of all electric motors is the squirrel-cage type of induction motor used with a three-phase supply. The armature of the squirrel-cage motor consists of three fixed coils similar to the armature of the synchronous motor. The rotating member consists of a core in which are imbedded a series of heavy conductors arranged in a circle around the shaft and parallel to it. With the core removed, the rotor conductors resemble in form the cylindrical cages once used to exercise pet squirrels. The three-phase current flowing in the stationary armature windings generates a rotating magnetic field, and this field induces a current in the conductors of the cage. The magnetic reaction between the rotating field and the current-carrying conductors of the rotor makes the rotor turn. If the rotor is revolving at exactly the same speed as the magnetic field, no currents will be induced in it, and hence the rotor should not turn at a synchronous speed. In operation the speeds of rota!

tion of the rotor and the field differ by about 2 to 5 per cent. This speed difference is known as slip.

Motors with squirrel-cage rotors can be used on single-phase alternating current by means of various arrangements of inductance and capacitance that alter the characteristics of the single-phase voltage and make it resemble a two-phase voltage. Such motors are called split-phase motors or condenser motors (or capacitor motors), depending on the arrangement used. Single-phase squirrel-cage motors do not have a large starting torque, and for applications where such torque is required, repulsion-induction motors are used. A repulsion-induction motor may be of the split-phase or condenser type, but has a manual or automatic switch that allows current to flow between brushes on the commutator when the motor is starting, and short-circuits all commutator segments after the motor reaches a critical speed. Repulsion-induction motors are so named because their starting torque depends on the repulsion between the rotor and the stator, and their torque while running depends on induction.!

Series-wound motors with commutators, which will operate on direct or alternating current, are called universal motors. They are usually made only in small sizes and are commonly used in household appliances.

For special applications several combined types of dynamoelectric machines are employed. It is frequently desirable to change from direct to alternating current or vice versa, or to change the voltage of a DC supply, or the frequency or phase of an AC supply. One means of accomplishing such changes is to use a motor operating from the available type of electric supply to drive a generator delivering the current and voltage wanted. Motor generators, consisting of an appropriate motor mechanically coupled to an appropriate generator, can accomplish most of the indicated conversions. A rotary converter is a machine that can be used to convert current from alternating to direct, using separate windings on a common rotating armature. The AC supply voltage is applied to the armature through slip rings, and the DC voltage is led out of the machine through a separate commutator. A dynamotor, which is usually used to convert low-voltage direct current to high-voltage direct current, is!

a similar machine that has separate armature windings.

Pairs of machines known as synchros, selsyns, or autosyns are used to transmit torque or mechanical movement from one place to another by electrical means. They consist of pairs of motors with stationary fields and armatures wound with three sets of coils similar to those of a three-phase alternator. In use, the armatures of selsyns are connected electrically in parallel to each other but not to any external source. The field coils are connected in parallel to an external AC source. When the armatures of both selsyns are in the same position relative to the magnetic fields of their respective machines, the currents induced in the armature coils will be equal and will cancel each other out. When one of the armatures is moved, however, an imbalance is created that will cause a current to be induced in the other armature. The magnetic reaction to this current will move the second armature until it is in the same relative position as the first. Selsyns are widely used for remote-c!

ontrol and remote-indicating instruments where it is inconvenient or impossible to make a mechanical connection.

DC machines known as amplidynes or rotortrols, which have several field windings, may be used as power amplifiers. A small change in the power supplied to one field winding produces a much larger corresponding change in the power output of the machine. These electrodynamic amplifiers are frequently employed in servomechanism and other control systems.

Torque, a twisting effort applied to an object that tends to make the object turn about its axis of rotation. The magnitude of a torque is equal to the magnitude of the applied force multiplied by the distance between the object’s axis of rotation and the point where the force is applied. In many ways, torque is the rotational analogue to force. Just as a force applied to an object tends to change the linear rate of motion of the object, a torque applied to an object tends to change the object’s rate of rotational motion.

Induction (electricity), in electricity, the creation of an electromotive force (voltage) in a conductor moving across a magnetic field (hence the full name, electromagnetic induction). The effect was discovered by the British physicist Michael Faraday and led directly to the development of the rotary electric generator, which converts mechanical motion into electric energy.

When a conductor, such as a wire, moves through the gap between the poles of a magnet, the negatively charged electrons in the wire will experience a force along the length of the wire and will accumulate at one end of it, leaving positively charged atomic nuclei, partially stripped of electrons, at the other end. This creates a potential difference, or voltage, between the ends of the wire. If the ends of the wire are connected by a conductor, a current will flow around the circuit. This is the principle behind the rotary electric power generator, in which a loop of wire is spun through a magnetic field to produce a voltage and generate a current in a closed circuit (see Electric Motors and Generators).

Induction occurs only if the wire moves at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field. This motion is necessary for induction to occur, but it is a relative motion between the wire and the magnetic field. Thus, an expanding or collapsing magnetic field can induce a current in a stationary wire. Such a moving magnetic field can be created by a surge of current through a wire or electromagnet. As the current in the electromagnet rises and falls, its magnetic field grows and collapses (the lines of force move outward, then inward). The moving field can induce a current in a nearby stationary wire. Such induction without mechanical motion is the basis of the electric transformer.

A transformer usually consists of two adjacent coils of wire wound around a single core of magnetic material. It is used to couple two or more AC circuits by employing the induction between the coils.

When the current in a conductor varies, the resulting changing magnetic field cuts across the conductor itself and induces a voltage in it. This self-induced voltage is opposite to the applied voltage and tends to limit or reverse the original current. Electric self-induction is thus analogous to mechanical inertia. An inductance coil, or choke, tends to smooth out a varying current, as a flywheel smooths out the rotation of an engine. The amount of self-induction of a coil, its inductance, is measured by the electrical unit called the henry, named after the American physicist Joseph Henry, who discovered the effect. The inductance is independent of current or voltage; it is determined only by the geometry of the coil and the magnetic properties of its core.

Transformer, electrical device consisting of one coil of wire placed in close proximity to one or more other coils, used to couple two or more alternating-current (AC) circuits together by employing the induction between the coils (see Electricity). The coil connected to the power source is called the primary coil, and the other coils are known as secondaries. A transformer in which the secondary voltage is higher than the primary is called a step-up transformer; if the secondary voltage is less than the primary, the device is known as a step-down transformer. The product of current times voltage is constant in each set of coils, so that in a step-up transformer, the voltage increase in the secondary is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the current.

Large devices are used in electricity supply, and small units in electronic devices (see Electronics). Industrial and residential power tranformers that operate at the line frequency (50 Hz in the United Kingdom), may be single phase or three-phase, and are designed to handle high voltages and currents. Efficient power transmission requires a step-up transformer at the power-generating station to raise voltages, with a corresponding decrease in current. Line power losses are proportional to the square of the current times the resistance of the power line, so that very high voltages and low currents are used on long-distance transmission lines to reduce losses. At the receiving end, step-down transformers reduce the voltage, and increase the current, to the residential or industrial voltage levels, usually around 240 volts.

Power transformers must be efficient and should dissipate as little power as possible in the form of heat during the transformation process. Efficiencies are normally above 99 per cent and are obtained by using special steel alloys to couple the induced magnetic fields between the primary and secondary windings. The dissipation of even 0.5 per cent of the power transmitted in a large transformer generates large amounts of heat, which requires special cooling provisions. Typical power transformers are installed in sealed containers that have oil or another substance circulating through the coils to transfer the heat to external radiator surfaces, where it can be discharged to the surrounding atmosphere.

In electronic equipment, transformers with capacities in the order of one kilowatt are largely used ahead of a rectifier, which in turn supplies direct current (DC) to the equipment (see Rectification). Such electronic power transformers are usually made of stacks of steel alloy sheets, called laminations, on which copper wire coils are wound. Transformers in the 1 to 100 watt power level are principally used as step-down transformers to couple electronic circuits to loudspeakers in radios, television sets, and high-fidelity equipment (see Sound Recording and Reproduction). Known as audio transformers, these devices use only a small fraction of their power rating to deliver signals in the audible ranges, with minimum distortion. The transformers are judged on their ability to reproduce sound-wave frequencies (from 20 Hz to 25 kHz) with minimal distortion over the full sound power level (see Frequency; Sound).

At power levels of one milliwatt or less, transformers are primarily used to couple ultra-high-frequency (UHF), very-high frequency (VHF), radio-frequency (RF), and intermediate-frequency (IF) signals, and to increase their voltage. These high-frequency transformers usually operate in a tuned or resonant circuit (see Resonance), in which tuning is used to remove unwanted electrical noise at frequencies outside the desired transmission range.

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Advanced Democracies

Under the British system, the first-past-the-post method of voting uses the plurality voting system which is also referred to as simple plurality or ‘winner-takes-all’ applies. Under first-past-the-post system, voting procedures can be applied for elections of single and multiple members. In election for a single member, the candidate who garners highest number of votes is elected and not necessarily the one with majority votes. The second election produces the second candidate in similar manner and the two go for runoff voting system. In a first-past-the-post ballot for a multiple member, first lot of candidates on the ranking of the number of votes obtained fills the available positions. This is the kind of system has the advantage that the vacancies are filled by people who have preference from electors.

Representative democracy manifests in France, with public officials being elected either directly or indirectly by the citizens or appointed by officials who are elected. In her national level, France elects the president and a legislature, with the president (head of state) being elected after every five years, directly by the nationalists. The parliament consists two chambers, the National Assembly which consists 577 members who are directly elected by the citizens for a period of 5 years and the Senate which has 348 members, with 328 being elected by the electoral college for six-year period. Other 12 are elected by the Assembly of French Citizens Abroad.

In German, legislation is done by two chambers namely the upper house and the lower house and the President is the head of state, elected for a 5-year term period and must not exceed two terms. Voters who take part in the president elections are collectively called the Federal Convention and comprises of all Bundestag members as well as members nominated by the legislature, altogether totaling to 1244. The government is headed by the Chancellor who is elected after every 4 years by the Bundestag majority of members, upon a presidential proposal. In this nature of voting, there must be achievement of a majority of all Bundestag elected members. Bunsdestag members are elected through a system known as mixed member proportional representation, with half being elected directly by the citizens and the rest through a party list.

In my view, the Germany system of election and legislation seems better. There is high democracy, with a president only winning through coalitions.

Advanced psychopathology and diagnosis

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What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses in having standardized diagnostic criteria? Describe at least one strength and one weakness.

One strength in having the standardized diagnostic criteria is the fact it enables one in the medical field be able to understand a disorder, its failures and success through examination. Making an accurate definition and description of a disorder implies that the patient has a distinct illness, and this information is of relevance to the mental health professional who later on communicate with their patients (Lerner 2007, pp2-4). In terms of weaknesses a standardized diagnostic criteria is based on operational explanations rather than etiological understanding thus not properly incorporated into the evidence based patterns (Lerner 2007, p. 49), this means that diagnoses an change over time and since operational definitions are missing, then diagnostic criteria may not be stated formally (Lerner 2007, p. 1). Based on the weakness, I think the greatest problem in mental health is unjustified scientific validity, which is so widespread. This can create stigma more so to the patient diagnosed with mental illness.

Describe at least 3 things you learned in this class that you think will be helpful to you as a therapist. Describe why or how you think they will be helpful.

One of the things I have learned in class is working with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. The information provided in the manual can be extremely helpful and also DSM principles are sound; clinical work is not a laboratory and scientific investigations is unsurpassed as one way to eventually understand clinical occurrences. I also learnt that the discussion topics given in class were also helpful. Learning the numerous opinions relating to the mental field gave me a broader understanding of what to expect during field study and how to relate with other individuals during field work. The other important thing I learnt is that a good therapist ought to go beyond what is expected in terms of being a good listener. One ought to be attentive during face to face interviews and convey genuineness, respectful interest and some warmth towards the concerns raised.

In what ways do you think making a diagnosis can be helpful and in what ways may it be harmful? Give at least one way it which it may be helpful and one way in which it may be harmful.

Diagnosis is of great help because if one meets the correct diagnostic criteria then treatment provided would be medically necessary and thus help reduce the chances of erratic diseases like dementia, dissociation occurring again. Also proper diagnosis creates a sense of understanding and help by a professional. It also reduces anxiety and brings about connection towards people. Diagnosis may be harmful in the sense that it is not valid and reliable. Different clinical interviews with different professionals would not yield the same results. As such psychiatric disorders bring about stigmas that create suffering and pain beyond what is ordinary and understandable.

References

Lerner, A., J. (2007). Diagnostic Criteria in Neurology. New York: Springer.

General questions

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Motorcycle and bicycle helmets laws in all states

All states should sign a bill requiring all cyclists and passengers to wear helmets when cycling to protect the riders from traumatic fatalities and brain injuries in the incident of a crash. Brain injuries can result to disability or death. A smaller number of motorcyclists die in states that require helmets, and encounter less cost to society. Some study shows that recently motor cycle accidents have increased with high percentage compared to motor vehicles. The reason of passing helmet laws is to succeed numerous safety programs of the federal government and the highway creation funds. Since 1967, laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear helmets have been a debate in many states. However about twenty states have accomplished to make that law effective. An example of a country where helmets laws are effective is Canada (2001). These laws should comply with every cyclist, no matter the age or the road distance. A state that enacts the helmets law only thinks of what is best for its people.

Economics of Organic Agriculture

Farm subsidies are expenditures made to provide economic stability to certain farmers in the duration of depression to make certain that a steady domestic food supply. The can be in form of credit, cash or organics (1984). These subsidies are provided to farmers to increase their income and manage the pricing and supply of certain commodities. The subsidies are primarily designed to improve the effects of the Great Depression. Farm subsidies protect the conjugal farm region as a determinant of homeland security. Thus it protects the states people from relying on imported food to feed its population.

Unpredicted catastrophes, government subsidies and war, may befall a country and have an impact on food supply accessible for acquirement in the global market. Without governmental subsidize aid, domestic farmers could basically be driven out of business by foreign competition, thus placing the States at the mercy of other states to supply even the easiest commodity.

Safe Driving and Standardization of Cell Phone Regulations

 There should be standardization of regulations regarding cell phone usage while driving across all states. The safety of the states motorists should regarded as vital as the convenience. Most countries ban mobile texting while driving however there no bill that has been passed to eliminates the use of cell phones while driving across all states. Most people believe that if this bill is enacted, it would limit their freedom. A research shows that one in 20 U.S. traffic accidents takes place when a driver has phone distracted driving. The drivers either alone or with passengers have accidents that leave them traumatically injured or disabled and most end up dead. In spite of the rising growth dependency on usage of cell phone, there should be regulations concerning their usage while driving and should be standardized across all states. There should be a change of enlightenment requirements to take place for instance; Responsibility should rest directly on the shoulders of each American to acknowledge, discover and act to broaden this knowledge in hopes to preventing this crisis from persisting. The Issues concerning the pessimistic side effects to standardize cell phone policy should be dealt with in the will to save lives, and this should be the reasons for the policy (Thulin & Gustasfon, 2004).

Reference

Directions for future farm policy the role of government in support of production agriculture:

Report to the President and Congress. (2001). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Office of the Chief Economist.

Thulin, H., & Gustafson, S. (2004). Mobile phone use while driving: conclusions from four

Investigations.

Quarterly, i. (1984). Farm policy: the politics of soil, surpluses, and subsidies. Washington,

D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc..Whohelements.org. (2014) Retrieved from http://www.whohelmets.org/helmet-laws/

Challenges facing African American Visual Artists

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Challenges facing African American Visual Artists

Many African American visual artists meet a lot of problems in their work which hinders their working up to date. David C. Driskell who was an American artist but had an African origin is an excellent example of what artists with African origin faces in America. David C. Driskell drew pictures as well as painted walls, and during this time, he suffered a lot of challenges which according to him, shuttered his work. However, the spirit he had on artist did not sink, and as a result, David C. Driskell became a hero whose work remains in displays, and other exhibitions are set aside in his commemoration (Bey, 2011). This paper will consider more on the challenges which African American visual artists such as David C. Driskell and other professional minority artists faced throughout history and up to the present date (Landsmark, 1998).

One of the significant challenges which African American artists faced and continue to face up to present day is racism. David C. Driskell, for example, suffered a lot of racism in Chicago where he was brought up. In most instances of his career, he struggled to ensure that racism which he encountered from white American artists did not affect his work of drawing pictures and painting walls. Many of the American art was shifting towards artists such as Jackson Pollock and Pop arts who viewed skills at their job as superior and the work by David C. Driskell as inferior. David C. Driskell, however, took this challenge as a catalyst to propel the scope and quality of his work. (Driskell, 1995). David C. Driskell had a belief that heroes are not born with power but instead, are made by achievements of the human spirit which is not determined by whether a person is black or white as none of the races is superior as compared to the other (Calo, 1999).

In one of the interviews which Curlee Holton was asked concerning the challenges which African American artists face, he said that the primary problem in art industry was questioning which African American visual artists and other professional minority artists faced was on identity by birthright. Many people in people in the world especially the white people lack the sense of identifying the black people where they regard their heritage as inferior and theirs as superior (Davis, 2003). Curlee Holton said that African American artists were denied the right of expressing what they can draw or paint by the American artists hence shut down their freedom of expression. In the recent exhibition held in the commemoration of the art by David C. Driskell, Curlee Holton said that a black artist being given a chance to express what he can do without external influence is one of the most significant achievements which African American artists will have ever achieved (Douglas & Ater, 2007).

Additionally, another greatest challenge African American artists as well as other professional minority artists faced and continued to face up to date is that few American people were and are willing to buy their arts. Bennie Andrews who is one of the best-known artists in America said that only a few people had purchased his paintings even in his hometown of Atlanta (Driskell et al. 2001). He once said that being an artist is not easy but being an African artist is even more desperate. The work of African American artists seems to be even getting much tougher which is a report by several people who are involved in selling and also in exhibiting works made by black people. Mary Schmidt who works in s national museum in America said that it is hard for a black artist to be known because many people have no interest in their work (Kirschke, 2007).

As discussed above, it is clear that many American African artists and other professional minority artists face a lot of challenges which hinders their work to a great extent. Racism which is one of the problems they face makes the career of some artists to sink hence talents and works goes unnoticed. American African artists should be given equal opportunities to express what they can do as well as providing necessary support to develop their art without any form of discrimination.

Reference

Bey, S. (2011). Aaron Douglas and Hale Woodruff: African American art education, gallery work, and expanded pedagogy. Studies in Art Education, 52(2), 112-126.

Calo, M. A. (1999). African American art and critical discourse between World Wars. American Quarterly, 51(3), 580-621.

Davis, J. (2003). The end of the American century: current scholarship on the Art of the United States. The Art Bulletin, 85(3), 544-580.

Douglas, A., & Ater, R. (2007). Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist. Yale University Press.

Driskell, D. C., Cosby, B., & Hanks, R. (2001). The other side of color: African American art in the collection of Camille O. and William H. Cosby, Jr. Pomegranate.

Driskell, D. C. (Ed.). (1995). African American visual aesthetics: A postmodernist view (p. 1). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Kirschke, A. H. (2007). Art in crisis: WEB Du Bois and the struggle for African American identity and memory. Indiana Univ Pr.

Landsmark, T. C. (1998). Comments on African American contributions to American material life. Winterthur Portfolio, 33(4), 261-282.

Challenges Faced By Clinical Psychologists

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Challenges Faced By Clinical Psychologists

References

Cavanagh, M., & Lane, D. (2012). Coaching psychology coming of age: The challenges we face in the messy world of complexity. International Coaching Psychology Review, 7(1), 75-90.

Dickey, L. M., & Singh, A. A. (2017). Finding a trans‐affirmative provider: Challenges faced by trans and gender diverse psychologists and psychology trainees. Journal of clinical psychology, 73(8), 938-944.

Harvey, V. S., & Pearrow, M. (2010). Identifying challenges in supervising school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 47(6), 567-581.