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CENTRAL CLAIM: FEMINISM IN OTHHELLO.

Othello was written at a period shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues. This article seeks to unravel the feminism and the feminist characters in Othello. The play is multifaceted and in that historic context it still speaks to audiences today in a dynamic and a legit way. William Shakespeare’s Othello gives a provision of understanding it from a feminist perspective. A critical feminist analysis of the play Othello has given us a solid and a definite judgement of the different central social values of women seen taking center stage during the Elizabethan society. During that period and time, the society was patriarchal and the women in the society were expected to be timid and fearful and to serve their male counterparts. Their voices were not heard and they had to device survival mechanisms. Women were thought to be physiological and psychologically inferior to men.

There are three women in Othello: Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca. From how the women behave in the play there are a clear indication of what the society was like at that time. In general, the paper will analyze how the women behaved and the feminism lens of that Elizabethan period. In my opinion from how the women in play behaved, it is a clear indication of what the society was like at that moment. In the play women are seen as possession, they are owned by their husbands and cannot make decisions of their own. It is also evident that the women were purchased through, marriage and now they live a; life that according to the men, they are to now pay back by their service in marriage and ensuring the man is satisfied.

Desdemona, is a victim of a society that places the value of women in their marital status. It is crystal clear that she is a virtuous woman however, the character traits displayed by Shakespeare in describing her echo a patriarchal society. Desdemona is portrayed as a “submissive”, “loyal” and “innocent”. Female submission, loyalty and innocence have always been a bone of contention for the feminist woman. These are all traits rooted in religious teachings but acted out in reality as a form of oppression to females. Submission instills some sense of inferiority to the woman while giving the male power to act with authority. Desdemona goes from being under the domination of her father to that of her husband, Othello. In the end, her loyalty and innocence costs her peace of mind, happiness and her life.

When her marriage to Othello is threatened, Desdemona is placed on the defensive side to prove her innocence with their husband’s opinions, although baseless, always triumphing. This is in line with the patriarchal view that a man’s opinions and decisions are final. This in conjunction with Desdemona’s view of her marriage as her source of prestige and status in her society place her in a position where she has no option but to defend her marriage because leaving it would be detrimental to her social status. (Massie,2017)

Her lowly status in society puts her in jeopardy when Lago aims to destroy her marriage. She is not in any position of power to deflect nor defend herself from Lago’s claims, Desdemona seems to have some form of social support structure as she tells a friend of the woes of her marriage. Nevertheless, this is not enough to fight off Othello’s decision due to his broken trust and fear of his reputation.

To conclude what has already been stated, feminism in Othello is alive and demonstrates that women have been struggling in a male dominated society. They have had to break barriers and to swim through very stormy seas to ensure they are valued and seen for who they really are not just vessels of pleasure.

Works Cited.

Massie, Elizabeth. “A Feminist Critique of Othello.” Pentangle’s History (2017): 29.

Pender, Carson. ““The Fruits Are to Ensue”: Male Dominance and Female Desirability in William Shakespeare’s Othello.” (2018).

Diploma in Dental Hygiene and Therapy

November 2013

Adult Therapy Presentation Case ReportCandidate Number:68

Diagnosis:dental caries

Date Treatment Commenced:21st May 2013

Date Treatment Completed:18th September 2013

Patient’s details

Gender:female

Age:40yrs

Occupation:

Referred by:Professor P Preshaw

Background history

This patient was referred by his general dental practitioner to professor Preshaw’s consultant clinic at the Newcastle dental hospital regarding her periodontal condition. GDP tried routine scaling and OHI, yet there has been no change

The patient was examined on professor Preshaw’s clinic and patient was then referred to myself for treatment of dental caries and generalised mild chronic periodontitis.

Restorative history

She is a regular attender to GDP every 6-12 months. She has been attending scale appointments for 30minutes, without LA; 31 is root filled with composite.

Presenting complaint

Patient noticed bleeding upon brushing, but other than that she did not have any concerns.

Medical history

Patient is fit and well

Social history

None smoker and drinks about 3 units per week

Oral hygiene habits

Patient brushes twice a day with an electric tooth brush and also reports using bottle brushes once per day

Basic Periodontal Examination

3 1 4

2 2 3

Examination

Minimal soft deposits present, generalised extensive hard deposits present, caries present on 16, 26, 27, 28, 46

Treatment plan

caries management 16, 26, 27, 28, 46

plaque score

full periodontal indices

course of RSI on pockets of 4mm+ with LA

OHI basis technique and interdental cleaning

Bitewings to confirm caries 46

Radiographic report: (DPT/OPG and bitewings)

View: DPT/OPG

Quality: Grade 1

18 17 16   14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24   26 27  28

47 46   44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34   36 37 38

Teeth present:

Unerupted: 48 horizontal impacted

Restorations: 36m, 31 lingual

Root filled: 31

Horizontal bone loss: 20-30%

Calculus present: 18d, 17dm, 16m, 26dm, 28d, 44d, 46m, 36m, 37dm

Radiographic report: (bitewing)

View: bitewing

Quality: grade 1 and 2

18 17 16   14 13           24   26 27  

47 46                 34   36 37 38

Teeth present on radiograph:

Restorations: 36m

Crestal bone loss: 10-15%

Overerrupted: 17

Caries into dentine: 16, 26, 27, 28, 46o

Treatment visits: (verbal consent was gained from patient and medical history was checked, with no changes throughout)

Visit 1: 21/05/13

Explained to patient that the treatment was to be carried out over several visits. Verbal Consent gained from patient for photographs and the use of the treatment carried out as my case study.

intra oral exam was undertaken

PPD’s under taken

recession and mobility completed

Plaque score completed 39%

OHI given, electric tooth brushing instructions given and introduced bottle brushes green, purple and red

Visit 2: 11/06/13

Pre-treatment photos taken with patient’s consent

bitewings taken

plaque score 29%

re-enforced OHI

Visit 3: 09/07/13

Buccal infiltration administered to 26, 27, 28 with epinephrine 1:80, 000 2,2ml

Access gained with high speed and round heard diamond bur

Caries removed on 26, 27, 28

26 and 27 filled with composite a1 shade and occlusion checked

28 filled with amalgam and calcium hydroxide placed before the restoration as filling was deep

Post ope given and patient warned about 28 being deep and might be sensitive to hot and cold

Visit 4 :10/09/13

46 and 16 caries removed without LA as patient requested to try without LA first and if needed she would let me know and it was not required at this time

46 setting calcium hydroxide placed before amalgam

16 was filled with composite a1 shade

occlusion checked for both dentations

gross scale lower arch

introduced single tufted brush and re-enforced OHI

diet sheet given

Visit 5: 18/09/13

plaque score 17%

vitality test done on the 28 and it gave positive response

localised RSI completed on pockets greater than 4mm without LA as patient declined LA

Full mouth fine scale

reviewed bottle brushes

re- enforced OHI

diet analysis carried out and diet advice given

Maintenance phase patient to be reviewed every 3months, for 6months on her periodontal condition

Reflection

One of my concerns, while treating this patient, was the fact that the patient did not seem to have any concerns about her teeth and she also didn’t seem to understand why she had been referred to professor Preshaw’s clinic by her GDP as she said her teeth didn’t bother her that much other than a little bit of bleeding upon brushing occasionally. Going by this, it made me assume that patient might not be ready to make any changes.

Yet, this turned out to be a mistake, because patient seemed very open to change. So even though, as a health care professional I am to understand that not everybody is ready for a change and I have to respect patient’s wishes, it would be wrong to rash to conclusions based on other observations than the one done by myself.

When I met the patient, she was very interested in what I was advising her and she was open to making changes. This taught me that I should not just read the letters and the notes and assume that patient might not be ready for a change. This also made me think about the methods of identifying patients that are ready for change and the ones that are not. Never take patients at face value, but always observe them and communicate with them in order to find out their inner concerns.

Another thing that I realised while treating this patient, was that sometimes when you are looking at the carious teeth on the radiograph, you cannot predict how deep the lesions are, before carrying out treatment; I always told myself that the lesions are not that deep, only to find them deeper than what I actually anticipated.

Overall I am quite pleased with the outcome of the treatment and patient was happy with the results.

Psychology:

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Introduction

Motivation is the application of a positive factor so as to get a positive result form an individual. All people are prone to undergo a stressful period where they need a push to the next level. This push determines the success or failure of the receiver of the motivational instrument. The theories of motivation were introduced to the world though psychologists such as Abraham Maslow, Sigmund Freud, Fredrick Herzberg and Fredrick Taylor (Miner, 2008). These psychologists spent the better part of their career coming up with the theories. There are several theories of motivation that can be applied to motivate a person in different situations. The application of these theories is essential to the sustainability of the success of the future generation. Being an aspiring psychologist, I have received motivation from different people. These people have direct or indirect contact with me. This showcases motivation as a factor that does not have boundaries. Motivation has been a vital part of my life from the early stages of my life to my current point in life. Some of these influences are unconscious sources or conscious. Unconscious motivation plays a significant role due to the manifestation that it encourages. These motivational theories are have impacted significantly on my choice to pursue psychology as my career. The analysis of motivational influences is thus ideal in that it showcases the reasons for my actions in the past and present day (Beck, 2004).

The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of motivational theories in psychology. The paper uses examples of psychologists such as Maslow by providing their take on motivation influences. The paper uses this information to explain what motivates me to take on psychology as a career. The paper finally offers a concluding paragraph that summarizes its contents.

Motivation involves encouraging an individual to pursue a certain goal or objective. The fulfillment of this objective acts as a source of happiness and achievement which in turn adds meaning to a person’s life. A person can be motivated consciously or unconsciously depending on their surrounding environments. Most individuals are influenced at an early stage in their life making this a crucial time of there. Motivation entails using the positive aspects in the environment so as to derive a positive result. There are different types of motivational method that are classified into theories. These theories are used to date by the general public in various industries making them an essential aspect in the world of psychology (Beck, 2004).

Theories of motivation

Motivational theories are theories that explain different motivational techniques and their role in the influencing of behavior. There are several motivational theories that exist in present day. These theories are inspired by different situations and thus reflect on different individuals. One of the psychologists who has played a significant role in the determining these theories is Abraham Maslow (Beck, 2004).

Maslow is known for his motivational theory that talks on the hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, human beings are motivated by items that they do not have direct possession or contact. These needs are not satisfied due to a variety of features that are determined by the internal and external environment (Miner, 2008). The hierarchy in this case consists of needs and wants that human beings experience at one point in their life. The first category consists of physiological needs; these needs consist of basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing and education. These needs are essential for the proper growth and development of all the human beings. Lack of physiological needs creates a vacuum that puts a strain on their progress of an individual’s life. People who experience this situation rely on factors such as family, friends and faith so that they can improve their life (Miner, 2008).

Exposure to these needs is ideal in that it improves the self worth of an individual. People who fall under this category are said to be less fortunate in that they lack the essential resources to ease their life. The second category in the pyramid is the safety needs; safety needs comprise of security in all aspects of life. Beings able to live in a safe environment increase the confidence of a person. Safety creates the provision for investment which in turn, yields more progress in the life. The third stage is social needs; social needs comprise of family, friends, social status, and lifestyle. This stage is a pivotal part of life due to the aspect of communication. People strive to perfect their social needs so that they can elevate their position in life (Miner, 2008). This stage is also significant because people need comfort from their friends and family when experiencing different hardships. The fourth stage is the esteem needs; these needs are essential due to the fact that they help human beings accomplish the goals and objectives they have. Self esteem is ideal for the success of any person. Self esteem is initiated right from the time of an individual’s childhood. Through self esteem a person is able to control all the challenges that come with life. Lack of self esteem reduces the motivation of an individual making it harder for them to survive in life. This stage is required to go through all the stages in life with ease. The last and final stage is self actualization; self actualization is a state of superiority. At this stage an individual has achieved all the objectives that they have set. These objectives constitute to the overall happiness and success of a human being (Beck, 2004).

Very few people manage to reach the self actualization stage. Belonging to a certain stage determines the amount of motivation one has. If a person is born into a family that does not have a lot in terms of financial resources, they are likely to work harder so that they can fill this vacuum. This situation can however take a different turn in that some people may accept their state and choose not to improve it. Motivation involves adding a positive factor to the life of a person so that they can use it to improve on their situation. The lack of a certain commodity influences a person to strive so that they can acquire the commodity. This is brought about by manifesting in an item until one achieves their goal or objective (Miner, 2008).

A close look at Maslow’s theory of motivation indicates that he is one of the sources of inspiration for my choice of psychology as a subject. The theory mentions that a person cannot be motivated if they do not have a motivating factor. This simply means that an individual has to have something that to look forward to before they can set their goal (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). The United States has the most successful economy in the world. Despite this, the country is experiencing high levels of poverty due to the rate of employment. Over fifty percent of the economies population is living on government welfare and do not have an adequate healthcare plan. These statistics display that the economy is not in a good place. The fact that a country like the United States is not able to provide for its citizens adequate living standards increases the rate of uncertainty of the future generation (Hoffmann, 2007).

As a young member of the population, it is essential for me to get an education so that I can compete with the more than capable job seekers. My choice get a college degree is thus motivated by the fact that a college education is essential for the sustainability of the society. My choice to take on psychology as a major as opposed to engineering or education is determined by the social ills that occur in today’s society. Today’s society cannot be compared with the society that the older generation grew up. The rate of insecurity, evil and poverty continues to increase on a daily basis. Majority of the crimes that are committed are as a result of people who are mentally or emotionally scared. One of the ways that people can make the country safer to live in is by investing in careers that eradicate these occurrences. Psychology is a significant contributor in the safety of the community due to the ability to communicate with social deviants (Hoffmann, 2007). Some of the most disturbing cases committed in the country over the years have been solved with the aid of psychologists. Having psychology as my major is not only a personal objective but a community objective. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, each individual is placed in one of the categories of the pyramid (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). As a student, there are some achievements that I am yet to achieve in the future. This places me in the fourth and fifth category because achieving my dream would be a driving force for the start of my career. The ability to kick start my career will validate my existence in the self actualization stage. This is due to the satisfaction that comes with the achievement of my goal. The probability of having a positive future without a college education is low. The fact that I am yet to achieve a degree motivates me to work hard so that I can graduate. This is reflective of Maslow’s theory that states that the lack of a commodity makes a person motivated to work toward achieving that goal (Miner, 2008).

As stated earlier, motivation is influenced unconsciously and consciously by the surrounding environment. One of the factors that the society continues to face is the high rate of divorce. This is created by the change of the society in terms of social roles, education and globalization. One does not have to be a product of a broken home to experience the impact it has on children. Being a physiologist is ideal in that it a person identifies with children who are having hard times coping with divorce. This is source of motivation is unconscious in that there is not particular person that has geared me towards helping such children. The events in the society make me want to take a stand so that I can be of help to people who are in need (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006).

Motivation starts at an early stage; most of the individuals derive motivation without even being aware. This is known as unconscious motivation due to the lack of knowledge of the impact of a positive factor. One of the physiologists who placed emphasis on unconscious motivation is Sigmund Freud (Miner, 2008). He mentions a human beings behavior is comprises of desires, thoughts and memories. These factors are represented by the unconscious state making them unconscious forms of motivation. These unconscious actions influence the conscious actions of an individual. Most of the actions that people perform are triggered by the unconscious thoughts that they relay. This is one of the theories that give credit to positive thinking and positive actions. A person who thinks of negative thoughts and desires creates negative situations. This is because negative thoughts give rise to negative actions (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). This applies to the application of positive thoughts as a source of motivation. This source of motivation has played a significant role in my decision to get a college education by studying psychology. Both unconscious and conscious motivation work hand in hand making them complement each other. Thinking about being a psychologist in future influences me to apply all my talents so that I can achieve my goals. Applying my talents is performed by positive actions such as hard work, studying for exams and concentrating in all things psychology.

Motivation is used in places such as the workplaces, schools and sports. My choice to take on psychology is inspired by my family. Through my family, I am able to align myself with positive features so that I can get positive results. My choice to take on psychology as a course is inspired by the needs to understand people better. Psychology is the study of the mind of a human being (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). Human beings have the same characteristics which makes them similar in nature. Despite this, they possess different qualities that set different people apart from each other. Having different personalities creates different character traits that make each individual unique. Being unique gives rise to different social groups that people use to identify with each other. Human beings cannot be contained in a particular group due to the different personalities they portray. It is thus ideal to have the ability communicate with different sorts of people in different social classes and creeds. As stated earlier, psychology aids a person understand the thoughts, feelings, qualities and character traits of their peers (Hoffmann, 2007). Understanding different people encourages communication which in turn, gives rise to respect. When people respect each other, they are able to maintain peaceful situations where war would be the obvious choice. Choosing to study psychology is thus motivated by my need to understand the different character traits that people have. This form of motivation portrays conscious motivation due to influence by the surrounding environment. Unconscious motivation cannot be ruled out because positive thoughts determine the actions and performance that I choose to take.

Another theory of motivation is Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory of motivation. Taylor takes a different route by breaking down goals and objectives in small portions. Taylor states that people generally have a hard time achieving their objectives (Miner, 2008). This is credited to the fact that most of the objectives are long term oriented. It is much more difficult to achieve long term objectives due to the monotony and boredom that may come with the trade. Choosing to get a degree in psychology takes a period of three to four years. This type of goal is thus classified under a long term goal making it harder to achieve. There are a number of factors that make students drop out of college. Taylor mentions that people have an easier time performing their tasks when there divided into sub tasks (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). This form of motivation is ideal for someone in my position and thus acts as a source of reference. Since it is not advised to take a break from college, a student can concentrate on the selected semester courses that are of interest to them. As a psychologist student, I have chosen to focus on each course keenly so that I can maximize on my score. This acts as a source of motivation in that I can concentrate on three months as opposed to four years. Motivation should be applied by a person who portrays features that an individual aspires to be like (Hoffmann, 2007). Agents of motivation can come in different forms depending on the surrounding environment. Some of the people I get motivation from are my parents, teachers, influential figures and pioneer psychologists. This type of motivation is ideal in that I am able to live by the principles that are set by my mentors.

Conclusion

Motivating factors improve the performance of people who receive motivation on a regular basis. It is difficult to be motivated by factors that do not portray positive outcomes. People require motivation on a regular basis due to the challenges that are experienced on a daily basis. A majority of people around the world apply the motivation theories without even knowing about their existence. This provides evidence of the effectiveness of the motivational theories. As a student, I face a number of hardships that may distract me from achieving my goals. The use of unconscious motivation puts me back on track by acting as a source of inspiration for me. My choice to acquire a psychology degree is one of the most significant choices of my life. This is categorized under the long term goals and requires an immense amount of motivation so that I graduate with honors. Being able to use my degree will impact not only on my life but on the lives of the entire society. Through my degree I will be able to give back to the community by using my talent to help others. One of the advantages that come with this is the idea that I will one day become a source of motivation for the younger generation to come.

References

Beck, R. C. R. C. (2004). Motivation: Theories and principles. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.

Forgas, J. P., & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology. (2006). Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes ; [the Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, volume 6]. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press

Hoffmann, S. (2007). Classical Motivation Theories – Similarities and Differences between them. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH.

Miner, J. B. (2008). Organizational behavior 5: From unconscious motivation to role-motivated leadership. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe.

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Ch.2 Homework answers

One can observe all the stars, the equator. From the North Pole, only half of the sky can be seen throughout the year, not subject to any change.

Four ways to demonstrate the Earth is spherical

Watching a ship as it sails off to sea. As the vessels move toward the horizon, it sinks first, then the mast, instead of getting smaller and smaller until its visibility disappears.

If one pays attention during the lunar eclipse, you may note that indeed the Earth is spherical. During this time, the Earth crosses between the Moon and the Sun. Hence, the Earth’s shadow is cast onto the Moon in the night sky by the Sun.

Traveling through different time zones. At an elevation of 35,000 feet, the Earth’s curvature is somewhat visible and even more visible at a 50,000 feet elevation.

When watching a sunset from point A, one notices a clear horizon that certainly will be in the front, while behind you is somewhat an elevated point that one can quickly access (point B).

According to geocentric, the heavenly bodies rotate on epicycles lying on the deferents, thus making the Earth overtake the planets far from the Sun and it and certainly appear as if they are going backward in their orbits. Heliocentric theory hold that retrograde motion comes as a result of the Earth passing the outer planets that move slower than the Earth, making them look as if they are going backward relative to the background stars.

Galileo’s model placed the Earth at the center of the universe and other heavenly bodies circling it. On the other hand, the Copernicus model puts the Sun at the center of the universe, and planets, Moon, stars circle around it.

Galileo discovered that the Sun is at the center of the universe instead of the Earth, which was the common belief at the time. He found that the Sun had a dark sunspot. He also discovered the four moons of Jupiter, Callisto, lo, Europa and Ganymede. Galileo also made discoveries on the phases of Venus; more importantly, he noted and proved that Venus does not orbit the Earth. Previously it was thought that the Milky Way was a cloud, which he proved is was not; instead, it is comprised of numerous stars.

Hipparchus came up with star maps, where starts were ranked by calling the first magnitude the “brightest” and second magnitude were those “less bright.” Six magnitudes was the name given to the faintest. It is the reason why it appears to go backward, with smaller numbers indicating brighter stars.

During the day, circumpolar stars are on the horizon; hence, they can be spotted since they orbit the north pole star.

The Sun moves at about 1 degree each day, which equates to 4 minutes of the right rise. It takes 365 and ¼ days for the Sun to go back to its point of origin.

On average, the Moon moves at about 13.2 degrees every day. It takes roughly 27.3 days for the Moon to return to its original location.

Zodiac constellations are once in a year passed by the Sun and are 12 specific constellations. Other constellations are generally a group of stars forming a certain pattern, and their traditional mythological figures are used to their naming and identification.

The popular geocentric model made the people thought that the Sun was a planet circling the Earth. The Sun has nine planets, asteroids, and comets revolving around the milky way galaxy. Contrary to the idea, Moon revolves around the planets. The stars and the planets have a different composition, and there are numerous stars, but the Earth and the Sun are close.

The ecliptic plane and the celestial equator are not the same. The ecliptic plane is the plane of the Earth’s axis around the Sun. On the other hand, the Earth’s projection of the equator onto the sky is called the celestial equator.

Asterism can be defined as a group of stars or star patterns that do not form their constellation but are seen in the night sky. Examples of asterisms include The Summer Triangle and The Great Square of Pegasus.

Pythagoras believed the Earth is spherical, basing his argument on observing the terminator line of the Moon circling the orbit, which has a round shape. In his thought, he concluded that if the Moon is spherical, even the Earth must be spherical.

The Moon appears to be passing in front of the Sun during the solar eclipse. It made Aristotle conclude the Sun is further away from the Earth than the Moon.

Aristotle deduced the Earth is spherical by observing the circular shadow cast by the Earth during the lunar eclipse. Also, when people move to the South, they tend to see fewer polar stars, and no polar stars are seen at the pole.

Hipparchus discovered precession by comparing his 200 BC records’ circa with older charts. He found out that the equinoxes during his time displayed similar positioning among the stars compared to those of 150-year-old maps showed. It resulted from the gyroscopic wobble of Earth’s spin axis, and it takes approximately 26 000 years to complete.

Ptolemy had to introduce multiple epicycles since he must have accounted for the retrograde motion of the planets observed occasionally.

Copernicus wanted to develop a new system for predicting planetary position since he viewed the Ptolemaic model as unclear, perhaps not precise for planet positioning prediction. Institutions like the churches were invested in the notion that the Earth is placed in the middle of the universe, which is not the case.

What makes the geocentric and heliocentric models to choose between them is the fact that people do not feel the Earth’s motion even though it is moving, making it easier to place the Earth in the middle. The two theories were not precise on their philosophical reasoning on placing either the Sun or the Earth at the center of the universe.

It would display crescent phases as the larger part of the bright side will not be facing the Earth.

Motor behavior

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Motor behavior

Motor behavior is movement study, which is an old discipline mainly in the forefront to enhance coaching aspects. It comprise of motor development, motor control and motor learning.

Motor development

 In motor development, the focus is mainly on child development s well as historically studied in relation to athletics. It remains important in term of considering keeping children interested for a long time. It is defined as the continual age associated changes linked to movements from basic unorganized skills to complicated motor actions. The data associated with motor development is based from child research and applicable to track and field’s. This is because athletes tend s to move from basic to complicated movements during their development. Athletes development referred to as body development and it’s systems is a new field of research. It is evident that all systems are required for conducting simple tasks such as running, control of musculature Central Nervous System and vestibular system for balance (Hoffman, 2005). Different athletes develop at dissimilar rates with these systems being rate controllers. An example of such a scenario is that some infants start walking when they are nine months, while other s at sixteen months, which shows different system development rates (Hoffman, 2005). The aspect remains vital to understand as a coach in that not only infants and young athletes not able to act, but their body systems might not have developed enough to perform certain skills at a specific level.

Motor learning

Body systems are often developed and then integrated to what is termed as ability. Even the best athletes have to learn for them to attain new skills and reach the next refinement level. Throws, jumps, as well as hurdles are sporty events that are skills oriented, which makes usage of motor learning to help them acquire the skills (Lee, 1991). In most cases, Motor Learning is viewed as a comparatively permanent change in relation to motor behavior because of practice and experience. Even though motor learning has been there for such a long time it still exists in academia and not used by the coaching community.

Motor control

Motor control is helpful in assisting a coach deal with skilled athletes and high level, trained to acquire greater levels of skills. The process can be attained through the usage of Motor Control termed as the mechanisms, which leads to coordination (Lee, 1991). The areas have been researched since the time of the Greeks with modern time’s research limited to clinical populations. It is obvious that there are various factors in terms of motor control and neuro-physiological (Hoffman, 2005). The major areas influencing influence control as well as coordinative action remains level of freedom, freeing together with freezing, 

It is clear that performance in sports is linked to hereditary and environmental aspects. Practice coupled with feedback remains a fundamental variable, which influences motor skills acquisition. It is evident that each person has the capacity to improve, but at different levels. The fact has resulted to frequent debate on the relative significance of genetic as well as environmental influences in relation to motor learning. These factors influence a person initial proficiency level, improvement rate final attainment level. Coaches need to be equipped educationally as well as intellectually to motor behavior issues and development as it allows coaches together with athletes to be efficient in their development.

References

Hoffman, Shirl J. 2005. Introduction to kinesiology: studying physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.Lee AM. 1991. “Research on teaching in physical education: questions and comments”.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 62 (4): 374-9.

Advance Tax

Name of Student

Name of Institution

Introduction

The body of rules that govern the tax issues relating to off-market share buybacks are found in Division 16K of the Australian Income Tax Assessment Act of 1936. Tax implications in a buyback differ depending on whether the company itself is the subject or the shareholder. Before attempting the question at hand, this paper will first explore the crucial rules and terms associated with the tax implications of share buybacks off-market to set the ground for proper analysis of the scenario.

The Mechanisms of a Share Buy-back

The process of buying back shares commences when a company makes the decision offering to buy back a certain amount of its shares from shareholders. If shareholders give a nod to the offer, they sell back their shares to the company. The company then immediately cancels those shares from the share register hence reducing the number of shares issued by the company. There are different types of buy-backs that a company can opt for, but the two common ones are equal access and selective. In equal access buy-back, the whole buy-back process is open to shareholders generally, and the terms are the same for all shareholders. In selective buy-back, the offer may be made to selected shareholders or an individual shareholder.

Tax Treatment for the Company

Arguing from the perspective of the company, share buy-backs outside the market are tax neutral because no deductible tax loss or assessable gain is occasioned by the buyback. Consequently, when determining the tax position of the company in this case, the buyback transaction is deemed not to have taken place. In instances where the buyback results in a dividend for the shareholder, the dividend is considered a frankable distribution, which should be franked to the benchmark franking percentage of the company during the franking period for which the payment of that dividend is made. As a result, the franking account of the company should reflect the share buy-back’s dividend component in its debit side.

Tax Treatment for the Shareholder

Arguing from the perspective of the shareholder, the debited part of the buy-back price to the company’s retained earnings is considered a dividend. On the other hand, the debited part of the buy-back to the share capital is treated as a consideration for share disposal for the purposes of capital gains tax (CGT) but subject to several potential adjustments.

Tax Issues to Consider

The following pertinent tax issues spring from an off-market share buy-back:

The mode of calculating the buyback price

The entitlement to franking credits

The application of anti-avoidance rules

Based on these issues, this paper will discuss the tax implications for EW Australia Ltd, Duncan and Debbie as a result of the buy-back process.

Tax Treatment (Shareholder)

As already mentioned, share buy-backs outside the market are tax-neutral from the perspective of the company. On the contrary, the Australian tax rules governing share buy-backs outside the market contain two major implications for those shareholders who sell their shares to the company in the buy-back process:

Deemed Dividend

Any bit of the proceeds of a buy-back debited to the retained earnings account of the company is deemed assessable dividends to a shareholder. Under the franking rules, these dividends can be franked to the extent of the company’s allocation of anticipated or existing franking credits.

The CGT Implications

On the basis of CGT, a shareholder is regarded to have disposed of his shares for consideration of an amount equal to the price of buy-back minus the dividend component that is assessable (this amount represents the portion of the buy-back price that goes to the debit side of the share capital account of the company). If this consideration exceeds the cost base of the shareholder in the shares, there could be a resultant capital gain. On the contrary, if the cost base of the shareholder in the shares exceeds the consideration, there could be a resultant capital loss.

For those corporate shareholders who are entitled to an intercorporate dividend rebate, it is important to take note that there could be a resultant double tax benefit because:

The resultant deemed dividend from share buy-back off-market could inflate a tax loss through a reduction of the consideration on share disposal; and

The shareholder also has an entitlement to the intercorporate dividend rebate.

The rules of share buy-back outside market also make provision for some adjustments to the buy-back price allocation as a measure to prevent shareholders from reaping the double tax benefit. In addition, these rules provide that share buy-back price is to be treated as consideration with regards to share disposal for CGT and income tax purposes generally. On the contrary, there could be circumstances where the consideration on deemed market value of the shares could be substituted.

Calculating the Buy-back Price

The Commissioner of Taxation’s powers to enforce the anti-avoidance rules for franking credit and capital benefit hinder the usual flexibility that companies have in as far as structuring their buy-back proceeds is concerned. Much of recent experiences point towards the Australian Taxation Office’s use of the franking credit rules to demand of companies to restructure their buy-buck proceeds so that inappropriate tax outcome do not arise.

The mechanisms of applying these rules create much uncertainty. The Commissioner can apply the anti-avoidance rules for franking credit when he has reasonable grounds to believe that the company has made excessive allocations to its retained earnings. The Commissioner can also apply the anti-avoidance rules for capital benefit if he has reasonable grounds to believe that there has been an excessive allocation to share capital. Worse still, the uncertainty is increased by the fact that no guidelines in tax rulings by the courts publicly exist to give a clue as to the determination of the manner of allocating buy-back proceeds. Reliable arguments have established that the Commissioner could consider any of the allocation criteria summarized below. The Commissioner has not given any one criterion more emphasis than the rest. Rather, ATO considers each criterion based on the facts and circumstances of each individual case.

Criterion A

This approach is otherwise known as the share capital to retained profit ratio. Based on this approach, a company’s buyback proceeds composition is an impression of the relative proportions of the company’s retained earnings and share capital as at the buyback. Experts have revealed that this criterion is the one that the Commissioner uses most in his determination of the proper allocation of proceeds from a buy-back.

Criterion B

This approach is otherwise known as the percentage interest in a company’s share capital. Under this approach, the company may alternatively allocate the proceeds from its buy-back in a manner acceptable to the Commissioner by basing the allocation on the respective interests of the shareholder in the company’s share capital.

Criterion C

This approach is otherwise known as the percentage interest in a company’s retained earnings. Under this approach, the company may alternatively allocate the proceeds from its buy-back in a manner acceptable to the Commissioner by basing the allocation on the respective interests of the shareholder in the company’s retained profits.

Market Value and Anti-avoidance Rules

Anti-avoidance rules come to play whenever there is a calculation of the buy-back price. According to these rules, any value in excess of the buy-back price in comparison to the market value of the shares in question is not frankable. It means, therefore, that the company should see to it that it can adduce evidence to show that the buy-back price it offered to its shareholders never exceeded the market value of those shares. On the contrary, if the market value of the shares exceeds the buy-back price as at the buy-back (assuming no buy-back ever occurred nor was intended), then, the market value of the shares in this case will be regarded as consideration for the share disposal. When this occurs, the capital gain and capital loss occasioned to the shareholder due to the buy-back will go down and up respectively.

None of the above adjustments would arise if the company sets its buy-back price in such a way that ATO will view the price as equal to the market value of the shares as at the buy-back (assuming no buy-back ever occurred nor was intended). For instance, ATO recently issued the Taxation Determination 2004/22 that outlines its views on the determination of the market value of shares for listed companies that exercise buy-back outside the market.

Employee Share Schemes

Financial reward is one way of motivating employees. Business owners are more than willing to see their businesses blooming up in the skies. Giving their staff certain stakes in the enterprise through shares is a kind of incentive and a reward at the same time. Most companies have used this formula. The formula is best known as an employee share scheme. When employees have some stake in the enterprise they work for, they feel motivated and will have a sense of participation. This gives them the urge to work harder so that the enterprise grows. Share options under the employee share schemes are availed to the employees at costs that are normally below the market value of the shares. The difference between the market value of the shares and what the employee actually pays is known as “discount.” The Australian Tax Office treats the discount as income during the assessment of income. Accordingly, the discount is often taxed as part of income.

Legislative Change

The legislation on employee share schemes has since changed. This necessitates the distinction between pre-July 2009 schemes and post-June 2009 schemes (that is, there was a change in treatment of the employee share schemes that took effect between the periods). These changes did not appeal to most employers who in turn pushed for reforms. Shares that were acquired prior to the switch are to be taxed based on the provisions of the previous provisions for share schemes whereas shares acquired thereafter are to be taxed based on the new provisions.

One attractive feature of the schemes was the huge allowance to the tune of $1,000 maximum being exempted from tax if the employee in question opted for the taxation of the discounted value of his shares in their year of acquisition. Under the “qualifying” scheme, it was possible for an employee to defer tax until the disposition of the shares if he chose so, but this option came with the detriment of forfeiting the $1,000 tax-free allowance.

As per the new provisions, employees are still liable to pay tax on the discount. This tax applies for the year of acquisition of the shares. However, unlike the previous rules, employees cannot defer the tax save for “real risk of forfeiture” situations and where the employee acquires the interests under some kind of salary sacrifice arrangement. Today, the tax exemption is only available to those whose salaries are below $180,000.

A more limited option to defer has been brought about by the new rules. This option places a time limit of 7 years on the deferring tax, and it is available only where the schemes exhibit a genuine risk of forfeiture or where an employee receives shares worth $5,000 and below under a salary sacrifice arrangement. A genuine risk of forfeiture refers to the fact that an employee is highly likely to lose or never benefit from the shares or their entitlement options under the scheme in question. For instance, conditions may be put for the availability of shares such as the enterprise reaching certain targets in its finances. Alternatively, the risk could occur in a falling market in which the value of the shares is highly likely to fall. Moreover, the risk of the business undergoing liquidation cannot be ignored. However, a condition to the effect that the employee cannot for a certain duration sell the shares cannot qualify for a genuine risk of forfeiture.

Income Tax Calculations for Duncan and Debbie

DUNCAN

The buy-back of the shares was done off-market, and the price of the shares was significantly less than the market value of the shares had the buy-back not taken place. Duncan will calculate his capital gain for taxation purposes as follows.

Capital proceeds

Market value $7.50

less dividend $1.00

  ($6.50 x 1,000 shares) = $6,500

less cost base ($6 x 1,000 shares) = $6,000

Capital gain (before applying any discount)   $500

Duncan will use his capital gain to complete item no. 18 in his tax return (at the supplementary section). Moreover, he will factor in his dividend at item no. 11 on his tax return.

DEBBIE

The buy-back of the shares was done off-market and the price of the shares was significantly less than the market value of the shares had the buy-back not taken place. Debbie will calculate his capital gain for taxation purposes as follows.

Capital proceeds

Market value $7.50

less dividend $1.00

  ($6.50 x 1,000 shares) = $6,500

less cost base ($6 x 1,000 shares) = $6,000

Capital gain (before applying any discount)   $500

Debbie will use his capital gain to complete item no. 18 in his tax return (at the supplementary section). Moreover, he will factor in his dividend at item no. 11 on his tax return.

Current Income Tax Rates in Australia

Taxable income Tax on this income

0 – $18,200 Nil

$18,201 – $37,000 19c for each $1 over $18,200

$37,001 – $80,000 $3,572 plus 32.5c for each $1 over $37,000

$80,001 – $180,000 $17,547 plus 37c for each $1 over $80,000

$180,001 and over $54,547 plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000

Adopted from the Australian Tax Office

Duncan’s taxable income is $75,000, which falls in the third bracket. To this amount of taxable income will be added the capital gain of $500 from the share buy-back. Therefore, Duncan’s taxable income will be $75,500.

Debbie’s taxable income is $135,000, which falls in the fourth bracket in the table above. To this amount of taxable income will be added the capital gain of $500 from the share buy-back. There is also the aspect of the company car that should be factored in in Debbie’s taxable income calculation. The cost of the car is stated to be $45,000. This is treated as income as it is part of capital gain within the income year. Therefore, the cost of the car will be added to Debbie’s total taxable income (that is, $135,500 + $45,000) giving the total of $180,500. This is the final taxable income for Debbie.

References

Australian Tax Office (2014). Commissioner of Taxation v. Consolidated Media Holdings Ltd.

Retrieved 28 October 2014 from http://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=LIT/ICD/S228of2012/00001Australian Tax Office (2014). Employee Share Schemes – Guide for Employees. Retrieved 28

October 2014 from https://www.ato.gov.au/general/employee-share-schemes/in-detail/what-you-need-to-know/employees/employee-share-schemes—guide-for-employees/Australian Tax Office (2014). Individual Tax Rates. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from

https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/individual-income-tax-rates/Australian Tax Office (2014). Deductions for Businesses. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from

https://www.ato.gov.au/business/deductions-for-business/Australian Tax Office (2014). Share Buy-backs. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from

https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/In-detail/Shares,-units-and-similar-investments/Share-buy-backs/Caldwell, Rod (2014). Taxation for Australian Businesses: Understanding Australian Business

Taxation Concessions WrightbooksKing & Wood Mallesons (2014). Test case regarding the income tax share buy-back rules –

Commissioner of Taxation v Consolidated Media Holdings. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from http://www.mallesons.com/publications/marketAlerts/2012/Pages/Test-case-regarding-the-income-tax-share-buy-back-rules-Commissioner-of-Taxation-v-Consolidated-Media-Holdings.aspxLaw Gazette (2014). Memorandum on Share Buybacks. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from

http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2001-4/April01-focus3.htmPrince, Jimmy B. (2011). Property & Taxation: A Practical Guide to Saving Tax on Your

Property Investments WrightbooksRaftery, Adrian (2014). 101 Ways to Save Money on Your Tax – Legally! 2014-2015

WrightbooksTaxpayers Australia Inc. (2014). The Taxpayers Guide 2014-2015. WrightbooksTax Interpretations (2014). Australian Tax Consequences of the Intrepid Share Buy-back will

Turn on the Post Transaction Ruling. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from http://taxinterpretations.com/?p=30670The Tax Institute (2014). High Court grants special leave in share buyback case – Consolidated

Media. Retrieved 28 October 2014 from http://www.taxinstitute.com.au/news/high-court-grants-special-leave-in-share-buyback-case-consolidated-mediaUsa, Ibp (2008). Australia Tax Guide. USA: International Business Publications

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

President Ronald Reagan Address to the Nation on the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was an accident that occurred in January 1986 in the space program in the United States. The Space Shuttle collapsed after 73 seconds of taking off killing all seven individuals aboard including Christa McAuliffe, Michael Smith, Judith Resnik, Dick Scobee, Ellison Onizuka, Ronald McNair, and Gregory Jarvis. In his speech, President Ronald Reagan provided consolation to the American people and those who knew the astronauts in various ways. He mentioned that enough he cannot bear the full of impact of the tragedy as much as the families did, he consoled them that the state was thinking about them very much. Additionally, in his speech, he referred to the astronauts as daring and brave individuals with special grace. Reagan referred to the members of the crew as pioneers who served everybody. President Reagan further encouraged the citizens by saying that the US space program is something he has great respect for and faith in and that the accident that took place was nothing to diminish it. He noted that at the Program, things and secrets are not things that are covered up but instead, they are taken up front and in public because that is the way freedom is and he would not change it for a minute.

To everyone who has dreams relating to the space program particularly the schoolchildren of America, President Reagan encouraged them by saying that although it might be hard for them to understand and that at times painful things are bound to happen in the journey of discovery and exploration. He said that it was all part of taking chances and expanding man’s horizon. He added that the future does not belong to the faint-hearted but rather the brave. He noted that the Challenger had a dream of pulling us into the future and that we would follow in their footsteps. He continued with a call to action that the Program would continue with their quests in space and that there would be more shuttle crews, more flights, volunteers, civilians, and teachers in space. President Reagan uses language to convey his condolences to the family of the Challenger seven (7) astronauts who lost their lives in the incident. He employs careful selection of words and a sympathetic tone to console the US citizens. He uses a personalized approach to address NASA employees which makes them feel appreciated. He tells them “Your dedication and professionalism have moved and impressed us for decades. And we know of your anguish. We share it.” This language evokes feelings of appreciation, gratitude, and empathy.

ABSTRACTDairy goats have played a vital role in contributing to the development of rural economy. Improved dairy goats have higher milk productivity, and other benefits that will aid in enhancing food security. Some farmers adopted crossbred dairy goats at the initial introduction stages in the groups. However, the rate of adoption among the smallholder farmers has not been fully indicated. The study aimed at analyzing the smallholder farmer’s adoption of crossbred dairy goats in Nyandarua County, Kenya. Clear knowledge of the adoption rate among the smallholder farmers will guide agricultural policies towards increased adoption of crossbred dairy goats in the local communities. In addition, the policy makers will be able to take relevant actions that will lead to improvement of dairy goats’ production which will lead to food security in the region.

Data was generated using 70 randomly selected respondents from the study area. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Regression analysis was applied to come with factors that influenced the adoption of crossbred dairy goats by farmers. The results indicated that farmers who belonged to social groups had a high chance of accessing extension services and thus training on dairy goats. The age and the type of households had an influence on the crossbred goats. The study suggests that capacity building trough groups is important among smallholder farmers. The policies towards agriculture should be guided towards increased production of dairy goats that has a high potential increase food security and lead to better management of land resource.

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Causes of Hate: Racism and White Supremacy

Hatred is a somewhat unchanging feeling of intense dislike for a person, unit, or group. Hatred is not synonymous with anger and disgust, which are rather fleeting feelings. While most forms of animosity may only manifest momentarily and slightly, hatred is a form of active, continuing aggression that uses up significant emotional energy. When an individual is hating, they spend much of their waking hours preoccupied with their anger, disdain, and dislike for an entity or a person. Popular societal forms of hate include racism, which is the belief that a person’s social and moral traits are preset by their biological characteristics, and the human race is divided on this basis, and some races are naturally superior to others. A dominant example of racism is white supremacy, which, as suggested by the name, is the idea that the white race is innately superior to all other races on the basis of what white people have accomplished. This paper discusses the reasons for the existence of racism, white supremacy, and the cause of hate in general.

Racism is a social concept that is not built-in human DNA and is introduced as people grow up. People’s minds are race agnostic until society corrupts it with the idea that all races differ. In addition to society introducing racism, there are other causes of this misplaced ideology. One cause of racism is the art of intolerance. Human beings have a hard time understanding and accepting a group or an individual different from themselves. Intolerance is a natural phenomenon or a self-mechanism of rejecting that which is unknown. However, with years of familiarizing with numerous races through limitless education and information, it begs the question of why racism continues. Up to this age, people have done the unacceptable by turning a racial group into an enemy; they have turned prejudice into art. This warrants pondering further to generate more reasons why intolerance persists.

Implicit bias or unconscious bias is a position that people hold about others. In simpler terms, it is a filter that clouds our assumptions of other races. Evidence suggests that a subconscious bias exists where other groups remember educated black men as having lighter skin. The implication of the results of this study is that successful black people are believed to be exceptions to the black race.

Scientists believe that racism is linked to the activation of the brain’s amygdala- which controls human beings’ response to fear. However, stereotypic images are the most prominent influencers of racist thoughts. Films, magazines, the news, and other sources of information support a system that feeds the minds of people with distorted symbols that define their perception of a certain race. This distortion creates implicit racial biases. Because being prejudicial is not socially accepted, many people in surveys do not respond to have any sort of bias against a particular race. However, many individuals, especially white people in America, have an implicit racial bias. They are not aware of the existence of the bias or how it affects their behaviors, but that does not change the fact that it impacts others every day.

Then comes ethnocentrism, which is the idea that the culture of a person and experiences related to it are the norm. It is the belief that the racial group an individual belongs is the center of everything. This is the belief that creates the basis for the idea of white supremacy. White supremacism is an ideology that is based on the belief that white people from European descent are intellectually and physically superior to non-white races and turns to white extremism by basing this idea on violence.

Another cause of white supremacy is the paranoid fear of the extinction of the white race. White supremacists use the statement “great replacement,” which is fear that the people of color will, over time, replace white people. This notion was found in a screed written by a man who gunned down 22 innocent civilians in El Paso. The phrase “great replacement” was coined by Renaud Camus, a French author who wrote about white genocide in 2012 viewing as an echo of a century of white supremacist ideologies. Although Camus distanced himself from the idea of extremism and the use of violence, he reiterated that he still believed that the white people of European descent ware facing the risk of being replaced by immigrants and people of color.

Hate, in general, is caused by various reasons that are not precisely similar to the ones mentioned about racism and white supremacy. However, they describe the activities of active racists and white extremists. One cause of hate is the general feeling of anger. When an individual becomes tense and has no outlet for the tension, they seek out a scapegoat, manifest their hatred for it, and then remove it from inside themselves in this manner. Surprisingly, the individual finds peace and experiences a feeling of unity once the scapegoat is eliminated. That is, till tensions arise again and another scapegoat is required. This clearly explains individual terrorists that have carried out hate crimes in the name of a course, but in the real sense, it’s their lack of security and belief in themselves, resulting in anger.

The second reason for hate is managing differences. For every individual, there is that difference that matters to the community. These differences include race, religion, and language, among others. Individuals and groups that can manage differences are those that have courage, have a sense of security, which allows them to explore the cryptic uncertainties of life. However, there are instances where individuals feel that these differences threaten their sense of self or their idea of group identity. Rather than embracing the mystery of unknowable difference, they choose to hate it.

When individuals feel powerless, unfulfilled, or disempowered, they rely on the energizing aspect of hatred. They redirect their pain to an outside, well-defined target. As one John Cohen says, “I have never met a white supremacist with positive self-esteem.” A person who feels empowered, successful, and motivated does not need hate.

Adoption of Plan A over Plan B

Student’s Name

Institution

Reasons Why the Team should Favor Plan A Over Plan B

A pay structure should project the philosophy of the applying organization and propel it to achieve its objectives. Plan B is the proposal that has been presented by the team to define the pay structure in the organization and advocates for relation of the pays to market prices. However, the plan in very many angles does not justify the course of this organization. The following are reasons for which the team should favor plan A, a projection of internal equity, over plan B.

Plan A gives consideration to factors inclusive of revenue of the organization and the capacity and ability to satisfactorily pay all employees. As such, an overstretch on the organization’s financial power will not be applied that would render the organization non-profitable and maybe bankrupt. Such considerations would also give room for increased pay in case just so if the organization can comfortably afford.

The plan can also be used as a staff motivating factor when salaries are taken beyond the market price. It would instill a sense of value in the employees and drive them to deliver. The resultant would be increased returns and financial stability for the organization. For instance, the plan would also drive the workers to communicate new ideas to the management (Ober, 2008).

Plan A also accords the organization to pay employees for what their exact values are. As such, overzealous and productive members would be valued at their ability to build the organization. Much would not be invested in workers who offer little to the organization.

Much has not been considered by the team that plan B has many flaws and would serve to limit the potential of the organization. Its advantages albeit plethora, cannot instill the drive required to outcompete rivals. For instance, considering that it values the potential of the workers at the market price, workers would not strive as much to deliver to their full potential (Ober, 2008). That is because they will think the organization regards their work as an expectation, with no appreciation.

In summation, the focus of the team should be to formulate a plan that would drive the organization to the helm of success and then communicate the plan to the management (Ober, 2008). Adoption of plan A will make the team serve its true purpose.

Reference

Ober, S. (2008). Contemporary business communication. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin.