Advanced Clinical Nuts and Bolts Assignment

Advanced Clinical Nuts and Bolts Assignment

Cognitive

Provide a brief history of how the theory began and how it has evolved. Who are the major contributors to this theory or model and what do you know about him/her/them? What historical events and cultural norms may have influenced the creation of this theory? This can be in bullet points where it is relevant) in other words, you do not have to write this section in narrative form).

Cognitive aka Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT)

Focuses on patient/client’s thought process

Sensitive to time (short term) and focuses on the present

Dysfunctional thoughts= maladaptive behaviors

Focuses on the linkages of systems

CT can be thought of as a theory

This is because it’s a system of strategies and a series of techniques

Each system involved is for survival- cognitive, behavioral, affective and motivational- composed of structures known as schemas

Cognitive therapy involves strategies

Collaborative enterprise between patient/client and therapist

Purpose is to explore and modify dysfunctional interpretations by using logical examination and behavioral experiments

Clients/Patients learn to help themselves through coping mechanisms

Collaborative Empiricism

Therapist asks questions to understand the client/patient point of view

Guided Discovery

Finding out what the client/patient misinterpretations and beliefs come from

Both work by using Socratic Dialogue which is a form of questioning that helps uncover the patient/clients views

Created by psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s

Realized that internal thoughts affect and influence behaviors

Psychologist, Albert Ellis, worked independently from Beck on the same concept

Many patients had internal dialogues that seemed as if they were talking to themselves

Thoughts made an impact on their feelings

Rigid form of treatment

Patient to discuss issues with therapist who will work on specific goals with client/patient

Identify the basic assumptions, tenants, and major concepts of the theory. You should include techniques, examples, or any important aspects of the theory that you consider primary to your understanding and ability to apply the practice. This can be in bullet points. The information you provide here will be especially useful as a “cheat sheet” in your internship and/or as a study guide for any licensure exams you take. This can be in bullet points where it is relevant (in other words, you do not have to write this section in narrative form).

CBT is an action oriented treatment; patient must be actively engaging during tx

With CBT, you identify common themes in a patient’s emotional reaction, narratives, and imagery

Usually goes on for 12-16 weeks and therapist is actively engaged with client

CBT is used in conjunction with Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Both share an importance of cognition and both view the task of therapy is to change maladaptive assumptions

Facing your fears is a technique

To bring about change, a client must face their fears instead of running away from them

Role playing

Clients may role play during sessions

This helps the client prepare for problematic interactions that they may have with others

Learning to calm yourself as strategy

Patients can resort to relaxation techniques such as breathing or stretching or using guided imagery that helps you focus on peace, rather than destruction that may be occurring in one’s life

CBT focuses on both negative and positive interactions/experiences patient may have had

People contribute to their own negative experiences

CBT helps clients to have a routine and lessen avoidance

Based on the major concepts of this theory, what presenting problems or mental or behavioral health concerns do you think this theory may be appropriate for? And is it a theory of explanation or change or both?

This theory works with individuals who experience anxiety, substance abuse, personality, and other disorders.

This theory would be considered to be both due to it being one of the most used treatments with patients. They must acknowledge the issues that they have in order to break free from the issues that are barriers and allows the patient to change their way of thinking.

Does the theory account for the life experience of the client? Does the theory/model allow for diversity of identity or experience in relevant ways such as ethnic preferences, cultural values or norms, racial differences, gender expressions, socioeconomic status, and religious preference? How?

Yes, the theory accounts for life experiences. This theory allows the patient to reflect over their life and what is causing them issues so them and the therapist can come up with goals for treatment. This theory can take in account a person’s diversity or identity, if need be in order to overcome barriers during treatment and growth.

What does the evidence say about this theory? Pull from other resources other than your textbook readings to answer this question. For some theories, it is equally important to identify which groups or problems the theory is NOT effective with as it is to indicate which groups or problems it is effective with.

Works for all types of individuals

Those with mental illnesses such as depression, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse, etc

Children and geriatric clients

Cognitive Theory/CBT is an effective treatment

Research has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT and has proven that it is an effective treatment for those with psychological issues and those who have medical issues with mental illness as a co morbidity

Evidence based treatment

Therapists who have used CBT with their clients have noticed success with complex disorders

Short term treatment that focuses on the here and now

Works at the pace of the client

Just as effective as medication because clients learn coping skills that they will use even after treatment ends

Goals of treatment are clearly defined for clients; no surprises so they know what to expect

Requires patient/client engagement

Therapist works along with patient in goal creation and attainment

Effective for communication and dialogue

Can be adapted to meet the patient where they are

In what ways, if any, does this theory fit in your theoretical approach to your current work or your future work as a social worker?

I do believe that CBT will allow me to assist my clients or patients by assisting them with coping mechanisms. For instance, if they are nervous coming to treatment, I could assist them with breathing exercises that they could do prior or during to treatment to make them feel at ease.

Motivation is the application of a positive factor so as to get a positive result form an individual

Psychology:

Name:

Professor:

Institution:

Course:

Date:

Introduction

Motivation is the application of a positive factor so as to get a positive result form an individual. All people are prone to undergo a stressful period where they need a push to the next level. This push determines the success or failure of the receiver of the motivational instrument. The theories of motivation were introduced to the world though psychologists such as Abraham Maslow, Sigmund Freud, Fredrick Herzberg and Fredrick Taylor (Miner, 2008). These psychologists spent the better part of their career coming up with the theories. There are several theories of motivation that can be applied to motivate a person in different situations. The application of these theories is essential to the sustainability of the success of the future generation. Being an aspiring psychologist, I have received motivation from different people. These people have direct or indirect contact with me. This showcases motivation as a factor that does not have boundaries. Motivation has been a vital part of my life from the early stages of my life to my current point in life. Some of these influences are unconscious sources or conscious. Unconscious motivation plays a significant role due to the manifestation that it encourages. These motivational theories are have impacted significantly on my choice to pursue psychology as my career. The analysis of motivational influences is thus ideal in that it showcases the reasons for my actions in the past and present day (Beck, 2004).

The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of motivational theories in psychology. The paper uses examples of psychologists such as Maslow by providing their take on motivation influences. The paper uses this information to explain what motivates me to take on psychology as a career. The paper finally offers a concluding paragraph that summarizes its contents.

Motivation involves encouraging an individual to pursue a certain goal or objective. The fulfillment of this objective acts as a source of happiness and achievement which in turn adds meaning to a person’s life. A person can be motivated consciously or unconsciously depending on their surrounding environments. Most individuals are influenced at an early stage in their life making this a crucial time of there. Motivation entails using the positive aspects in the environment so as to derive a positive result. There are different types of motivational method that are classified into theories. These theories are used to date by the general public in various industries making them an essential aspect in the world of psychology (Beck, 2004).

Theories of motivation

Motivational theories are theories that explain different motivational techniques and their role in the influencing of behavior. There are several motivational theories that exist in present day. These theories are inspired by different situations and thus reflect on different individuals. One of the psychologists who has played a significant role in the determining these theories is Abraham Maslow (Beck, 2004).

Maslow is known for his motivational theory that talks on the hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, human beings are motivated by items that they do not have direct possession or contact. These needs are not satisfied due to a variety of features that are determined by the internal and external environment (Miner, 2008). The hierarchy in this case consists of needs and wants that human beings experience at one point in their life. The first category consists of physiological needs; these needs consist of basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing and education. These needs are essential for the proper growth and development of all the human beings. Lack of physiological needs creates a vacuum that puts a strain on their progress of an individual’s life. People who experience this situation rely on factors such as family, friends and faith so that they can improve their life (Miner, 2008).

Exposure to these needs is ideal in that it improves the self worth of an individual. People who fall under this category are said to be less fortunate in that they lack the essential resources to ease their life. The second category in the pyramid is the safety needs; safety needs comprise of security in all aspects of life. Beings able to live in a safe environment increase the confidence of a person. Safety creates the provision for investment which in turn, yields more progress in the life. The third stage is social needs; social needs comprise of family, friends, social status, and lifestyle. This stage is a pivotal part of life due to the aspect of communication. People strive to perfect their social needs so that they can elevate their position in life (Miner, 2008). This stage is also significant because people need comfort from their friends and family when experiencing different hardships. The fourth stage is the esteem needs; these needs are essential due to the fact that they help human beings accomplish the goals and objectives they have. Self esteem is ideal for the success of any person. Self esteem is initiated right from the time of an individual’s childhood. Through self esteem a person is able to control all the challenges that come with life. Lack of self esteem reduces the motivation of an individual making it harder for them to survive in life. This stage is required to go through all the stages in life with ease. The last and final stage is self actualization; self actualization is a state of superiority. At this stage an individual has achieved all the objectives that they have set. These objectives constitute to the overall happiness and success of a human being (Beck, 2004).

Very few people manage to reach the self actualization stage. Belonging to a certain stage determines the amount of motivation one has. If a person is born into a family that does not have a lot in terms of financial resources, they are likely to work harder so that they can fill this vacuum. This situation can however take a different turn in that some people may accept their state and choose not to improve it. Motivation involves adding a positive factor to the life of a person so that they can use it to improve on their situation. The lack of a certain commodity influences a person to strive so that they can acquire the commodity. This is brought about by manifesting in an item until one achieves their goal or objective (Miner, 2008).

A close look at Maslow’s theory of motivation indicates that he is one of the sources of inspiration for my choice of psychology as a subject. The theory mentions that a person cannot be motivated if they do not have a motivating factor. This simply means that an individual has to have something that to look forward to before they can set their goal (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). The United States has the most successful economy in the world. Despite this, the country is experiencing high levels of poverty due to the rate of employment. Over fifty percent of the economies population is living on government welfare and do not have an adequate healthcare plan. These statistics display that the economy is not in a good place. The fact that a country like the United States is not able to provide for its citizens adequate living standards increases the rate of uncertainty of the future generation (Hoffmann, 2007).

As a young member of the population, it is essential for me to get an education so that I can compete with the more than capable job seekers. My choice get a college degree is thus motivated by the fact that a college education is essential for the sustainability of the society. My choice to take on psychology as a major as opposed to engineering or education is determined by the social ills that occur in today’s society. Today’s society cannot be compared with the society that the older generation grew up. The rate of insecurity, evil and poverty continues to increase on a daily basis. Majority of the crimes that are committed are as a result of people who are mentally or emotionally scared. One of the ways that people can make the country safer to live in is by investing in careers that eradicate these occurrences. Psychology is a significant contributor in the safety of the community due to the ability to communicate with social deviants (Hoffmann, 2007). Some of the most disturbing cases committed in the country over the years have been solved with the aid of psychologists. Having psychology as my major is not only a personal objective but a community objective. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, each individual is placed in one of the categories of the pyramid (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). As a student, there are some achievements that I am yet to achieve in the future. This places me in the fourth and fifth category because achieving my dream would be a driving force for the start of my career. The ability to kick start my career will validate my existence in the self actualization stage. This is due to the satisfaction that comes with the achievement of my goal. The probability of having a positive future without a college education is low. The fact that I am yet to achieve a degree motivates me to work hard so that I can graduate. This is reflective of Maslow’s theory that states that the lack of a commodity makes a person motivated to work toward achieving that goal (Miner, 2008).

As stated earlier, motivation is influenced unconsciously and consciously by the surrounding environment. One of the factors that the society continues to face is the high rate of divorce. This is created by the change of the society in terms of social roles, education and globalization. One does not have to be a product of a broken home to experience the impact it has on children. Being a physiologist is ideal in that it a person identifies with children who are having hard times coping with divorce. This is source of motivation is unconscious in that there is not particular person that has geared me towards helping such children. The events in the society make me want to take a stand so that I can be of help to people who are in need (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006).

Motivation starts at an early stage; most of the individuals derive motivation without even being aware. This is known as unconscious motivation due to the lack of knowledge of the impact of a positive factor. One of the physiologists who placed emphasis on unconscious motivation is Sigmund Freud (Miner, 2008). He mentions a human beings behavior is comprises of desires, thoughts and memories. These factors are represented by the unconscious state making them unconscious forms of motivation. These unconscious actions influence the conscious actions of an individual. Most of the actions that people perform are triggered by the unconscious thoughts that they relay. This is one of the theories that give credit to positive thinking and positive actions. A person who thinks of negative thoughts and desires creates negative situations. This is because negative thoughts give rise to negative actions (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). This applies to the application of positive thoughts as a source of motivation. This source of motivation has played a significant role in my decision to get a college education by studying psychology. Both unconscious and conscious motivation work hand in hand making them complement each other. Thinking about being a psychologist in future influences me to apply all my talents so that I can achieve my goals. Applying my talents is performed by positive actions such as hard work, studying for exams and concentrating in all things psychology.

Motivation is used in places such as the workplaces, schools and sports. My choice to take on psychology is inspired by my family. Through my family, I am able to align myself with positive features so that I can get positive results. My choice to take on psychology as a course is inspired by the needs to understand people better. Psychology is the study of the mind of a human being (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). Human beings have the same characteristics which makes them similar in nature. Despite this, they possess different qualities that set different people apart from each other. Having different personalities creates different character traits that make each individual unique. Being unique gives rise to different social groups that people use to identify with each other. Human beings cannot be contained in a particular group due to the different personalities they portray. It is thus ideal to have the ability communicate with different sorts of people in different social classes and creeds. As stated earlier, psychology aids a person understand the thoughts, feelings, qualities and character traits of their peers (Hoffmann, 2007). Understanding different people encourages communication which in turn, gives rise to respect. When people respect each other, they are able to maintain peaceful situations where war would be the obvious choice. Choosing to study psychology is thus motivated by my need to understand the different character traits that people have. This form of motivation portrays conscious motivation due to influence by the surrounding environment. Unconscious motivation cannot be ruled out because positive thoughts determine the actions and performance that I choose to take.

Another theory of motivation is Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory of motivation. Taylor takes a different route by breaking down goals and objectives in small portions. Taylor states that people generally have a hard time achieving their objectives (Miner, 2008). This is credited to the fact that most of the objectives are long term oriented. It is much more difficult to achieve long term objectives due to the monotony and boredom that may come with the trade. Choosing to get a degree in psychology takes a period of three to four years. This type of goal is thus classified under a long term goal making it harder to achieve. There are a number of factors that make students drop out of college. Taylor mentions that people have an easier time performing their tasks when there divided into sub tasks (Forgas & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, 2006). This form of motivation is ideal for someone in my position and thus acts as a source of reference. Since it is not advised to take a break from college, a student can concentrate on the selected semester courses that are of interest to them. As a psychologist student, I have chosen to focus on each course keenly so that I can maximize on my score. This acts as a source of motivation in that I can concentrate on three months as opposed to four years. Motivation should be applied by a person who portrays features that an individual aspires to be like (Hoffmann, 2007). Agents of motivation can come in different forms depending on the surrounding environment. Some of the people I get motivation from are my parents, teachers, influential figures and pioneer psychologists. This type of motivation is ideal in that I am able to live by the principles that are set by my mentors.

Conclusion

Motivating factors improve the performance of people who receive motivation on a regular basis. It is difficult to be motivated by factors that do not portray positive outcomes. People require motivation on a regular basis due to the challenges that are experienced on a daily basis. A majority of people around the world apply the motivation theories without even knowing about their existence. This provides evidence of the effectiveness of the motivational theories. As a student, I face a number of hardships that may distract me from achieving my goals. The use of unconscious motivation puts me back on track by acting as a source of inspiration for me. My choice to acquire a psychology degree is one of the most significant choices of my life. This is categorized under the long term goals and requires an immense amount of motivation so that I graduate with honors. Being able to use my degree will impact not only on my life but on the lives of the entire society. Through my degree I will be able to give back to the community by using my talent to help others. One of the advantages that come with this is the idea that I will one day become a source of motivation for the younger generation to come.

References

Beck, R. C. R. C. (2004). Motivation: Theories and principles. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.

Forgas, J. P., & Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology. (2006). Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes ; [the Sydney Symposium of Social Psychology, volume 6]. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press

Hoffmann, S. (2007). Classical Motivation Theories – Similarities and Differences between them. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH.

Miner, J. B. (2008). Organizational behavior 5: From unconscious motivation to role-motivated leadership. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe.

Motor speech disorder

Motors speech disorder

Name of student

Professors name:

Subject:

Name of institution:

Date of submission:

Motor speech disorder.

Language and speech are controlled in the brain in linked to the laryngeal muscles by nerves. The vocal cords are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nerve. Any anomaly to these structures may affect speech characteristics of an individual (Douglas, 1999).

The patient presented above has Dysarthria (motor speech disorder), a problem with the motor tract that innervates muscles that are responsible for speech. Cranial nerve X is involved in speech as it innervates the muscles of the larynx. When the nerve (CN X) is damaged, vocal folds become paralyzed thus affecting the volume of the voice and swallowing. As a speech language pathologist, I will look for the movement of the lips, the tongue and the facial expression during the speech. Moreover, I will assess the breath support adequacy during the speech. Motor speech disorder can result from injury of the brain structures in patients with the following conditions; stroke, brain tumors, Parkinsonism, cerebral palsy multiple sclerosis among others (Douglas, 1999). Parkinsonism is associated with lesions in the substantia nigra which affects dopaminergic and cholinergic pathways to be unbalanced. Two areas in the left hemisphere of the brain play a key role in speech. The Broca’s area is located in the frontal part of the left hemisphere of the brain. It is involved in language production. Proper use of spoken and written language is all attributed to this area. (Douglas, 1999).

The patient has no difficulty in comprehending any spoken language or speech evidence by the fact that he can follow instructions as the clinician directs. His difficulty in voice volume can be directly associated with damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Combination of dysphagia and low voicing can be attributed to neurogenic voice disorder.

After identifying the communication and swallowing requirements of the patient, as a speech therapist I will identify ways to improve communication in patient’s socialization. The family members or the caregivers will be included in therapy. They are together counseled on communication pattern and swallowing difficulty of the patient and ways to involve him in dialogue at home (ASHA, 2004).

As a speech therapist, it is important to observe the patient closely as he goes through the process of spontaneous recovery. The patient may have the residual effects of the damage to the Broca’s area and may express that he wanted to finish the words he initiated but he could not. The speech therapist should engage the patient in repetition of words and phrases that are easier for the patient to pronounce. To compensate for the lost language function, the speech therapist may use drawing that the patient can easily understand and use to communicate. The aim of speech therapy is to enable free communication and understanding between the patient and the family members (Roberts, 2014).

Music and melodic intonation are also used in speech therapy in patients with Broca’s aphasia. The patients are able to sing out a complete song with the complete phrases. Singing capability is controlled by the right hemisphere. Utilization of the technique enables the patient to use the right hemisphere to compensate for the lost function in the left hemisphere. Consequently, certain nonmusical outcomes are achieved by the patient such as complete pronunciation of a phrase (Wilson, 2006).

Speech therapists also use constraint induced aphasia therapy which uses the principle that a patient will have a compensated action to the one that is lost. The patients are involved in language context game where they are encouraged to use verbal abilities in order to succeed in the game. Constraining the patient has neuroplasticity effects on the patient and it is believed to re-establish the lost neuropathways, and form new pathways hence reacquire the lost functions of the brain. Therapy by constraining can be more effective if it is combined with drugs that affect the neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (Douglas, 1999).

The patient needs to be referred to a neuroscientist in order to include pharmacotherapy in conjunction to speech therapy. The drugs affect the neurotransmitter receptor and regulate the stimulation by the chemicals. They target the catecholamine and acetylcholine receptors of the central nervous system. The drugs commonly used includes; Bromocriptine, Piracetam, cholinergic drugs and dopaminergic psychostimulants. Piracetam interacts with the cholinergic and glutamic receptors to increase the plasticity of the cerebrum which increases the capability to use language functions. Bromocriptine, which interacts with the catecholamine system, increase the language fluency and word retrieval (Xavier, 2007).

In addition, a specialist in ear, nose and throat (ENT) should be consulted to detect other factors to the larynx that may affect the movement of vocal cords. He may diagnose presence of cyst, granuloma, hemorrhage, hyperkeratosis or nodules in the vocal folds and determine the therapy to follow (Deirdre, 2012).

References

Douglas, B., (1999). Broca’s area. Neuroscience of communication (2): 321-341

Roberts (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.coma” http://www.britannica.coma. Accessed on 30th June, 2014.

Wilson, (2006). “Preserved Singing in Aphasia: A Case Study of the Efficacy of Melodic Intonation Therapy”. Music Perception 24 (1): 23–36.

Xavier, (2007). “Pharmacotherapy of aphasia: Myth or reality?” Brain and Language 102 (1): 114–125.

Deidre, D., (2012). Types of voice disorders. Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.lionsvoiceclinic.umn.edu” www.lionsvoiceclinic.umn.edu. Accessed on 2nd July, 2014.

ASHA, (2004).Making effective communication a human right accessible and achievable for all. Retieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.asha.org” www.asha.org. Accessed on 2nd July 2014.

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

Name:

Professor:

Institution:

Course:

Date:

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

Adult learning is one of the key elements that should be in put into consideration whenever a country is talking about regional development. The title of the article being reviewed is found in the review of the book, “Globalization, diversity, and the search for culturally relevant models for adult education.” By Patricia K Kubow, from the University of Bowling Green Sate. The article implies that there are a lot of individuals who are interested in advancing their careers in vocational and adult education. Therefore, it suggests that they should be able to understand that the curriculum is changing and they also have to advance in this field. From the article, one will realize that there are a lot of scholars who also support this new approach for curriculum change. It is for this reason that the article caught my attention as it looks at how the curriculum advancement is adopted globally. This is not only done in the US but also among the Asian countries.

The article breaks down the parts and chapters in the book. The first part of the book that has got three chapters is titled “curriculum development in the global context.” In this chapter, one is made to understand that there is a great influence in adult learning in relation to the demographic. It suggests that different demographic require different approaches in adult learning. Moreover, the article implies that the reason for this is that people from different communities in the world have different perception on adult learning so it is better if they can be made to learn in the manner in which they feel comfortable. This is one of the best approaches that can be suggested to anybody who is concerned about the adult learning. This approach can be supported because the multicultural literature in the world has affected the adult learning program. Therefore, if people are made to learn in the culture that they can relate to, it can be easier for them to learn. The learners will also be comfortable as they will interpret the learning experience in their own world. The article also makes it clear that the marginalization of the adult learners is made possible if there is a democratic learning environment that they can relate to.

From the article, one will be able to understand that the interest of adult learners is based on socio-cultural context which is explained throughout the remaining part of the article. This is one of the reason why it should be taken into consideration in the field of adult education as this approach can help in the marginalization of adult learning across the whole globe. This approach can also be made possible to the immigrants of different countries. Most of the immigrants need orientation in the educational system of their host country, that is why they have to go back to learn. Therefore this approach would be appropriate for them to gain knowledge. Moreover, adult education is very essential to the individuals from developing countries that have a chance of joining the developed countries. Therefore, if the approach can be taken, the learner will have a problem of coping with the host learning system due to cultural shock.

From the preceding evaluation, we see that this article relates to the trends of our time, whereby the global world is working hard to ensure that literacy is made possible to everybody. Therefore, this approach is one of the elements that will make it clear that illiteracy is being eradicated all over the world. Moreover, people are made to learn in relation to what they already know. It is difficult to make individuals in the third world to learn and cope up with the thing that are happening in the first world nation. That is why they will be in a position to learn from the things that they can relate to and understand better.

References

Bentley, T. (1998) Learning beyond the Classroom: Education for a changing world, London: Routledge.

Courtney, S. (2009) 'Defining adult and continuing education' in S. B. Merriam and P. M. Cunningham (eds.) Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Source of the article

HYPERLINK "http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=internationaleducation&sei-redir=1" l "search="Adult Education Adult Learning Development – Globalization""http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=internationaleducation&sei-redir=1#search=%22Adult%20Education%20Adult%20Learning%20Development%20-%20Globalization%22

Challenges Affecting International Students in Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions

Title: Challenges Affecting International Students in Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions.

Literature Review

In the world today, education is considered one of the most important elements in the life of every individual. In numerous countries globally, education is seen as an important investment a nation can make in establishing it future. According to Quinn and Rubb (2005), education is basically a powerful agent that is associated with change including improvement of health, livelihoods, long term economic development, and significant contribution to social stability. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore important to note that education is a fundamental human virtue, a source of good life, a necessity to the society, a sign of attaining freedom, and the key to attaining sustainable development goals (Bhardwaj, 2016). With a view to serve the needs of the community through development skills, attainment of prosperous careers, and financial security numerous students worldwide have continued the pursuit of higher education. In order to achieve this, students have had to travel to foreign countries such as Australia in pursuit of better and quality education in Higher Institutions of learning. However, despite the countless significant sacrifices made in pursuit of education, there exist various challenges that affect numerous international students especially those in Australian higher educational institutions complicating adaptations to new lifestyles and the educational environment.

During the period of 2013, Son and Park (2014) indicate that Australia had approximately 700,000 international students in its institutions of higher learning with the figures continuing to increase on a daily basis. However, Son and Park (2014) suggest that despite the increased numbers there exist various factors such language barriers, Visa problems, and cultural shock that affect international students in Australian higher educational institutions. Andrade (2006) asserts that the use of different languages in these institutions of higher learning present a difficult challenge for most international students as it prevents free flow of vital information causing communication barriers. As a result, this complicates adaptations to new lifestyles and educational environment for new international students. Apart from language barriers, cultural shock is another major challenge greatly impacting foreign students. Son and Park (2014) identify Australia as a country with multicultural diversities where individuals from different nations and cultures live together. With Australia being a country with its own distinct culture, many foreign students may find this cultural change a major factor affecting their stay and continued learning. While both language barriers and cultural shock remain some of the major issues, Visa problem remains to be another major challenge affecting modern day international students in Australia. The issuance of student Visa in Australia only applies for students who are enrolled for a full time basis and have passed all visa conditions and requirements in Australia.

Rationale

International students pursuing education in Australian higher educational institutions encounter significant and inevitable challenges and hardship during their stay abroad. In order to understand whether the challenges faced affect the social and academic lifestyle, it is important to carry out a study that will collect information from a vast majority of international student in order to identify if these challenges affect their academic and social lifestyle. If learned that these challenges such as language barriers, cultural shock, and visa problems indeed affect the students’ lifestyle, future research and investigation can be conducted to examine these problems and propose suggestions or possible solutions to do away or reduce these issues that affect the lifestyle of international students.

Research questions

To what extend does the challenges encountered such as language barriers, visa problems, and cultural shock affect International Students in Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions?

To what extent and in what ways do these factors affect the social and academic lifestyle of International Students in Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions?

Research design

In order to find out the extent of the problem, an observation case study will be used to find out exactly how these international students undertaking different studies in Australian universities are affected by these challenges. The focus group shall be conducted by learners from particular schools so as to cater for students encountered with severe challenges. In addition, a focus group is the best approach as compared to semi-structured or structured interviews due to the need for various challenges to arise originally in group discussions. Otherwise, the use of interviews will limit individuals from pointing out these challenges due to the fear of fall backs. The purpose of focus is to help identify those challenges which international learners in Australian Universities and other learning institutions find more severe and unbearable (Son and Park, 2014)

Research participants

In this study, the research participants will involve the students from different nationalities who came to pursue higher education in Australian Higher Learning Institutions. The students vary widely in terms of age and years of study and will therefore form a good study group to evaluate based on the time spend in the Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions. In addition, the learners experience the challenges first hand and can therefore outline these problems accurately.

The specific demographic information shall be obtained from the participants (international students) once they are recruited. This information will be obtained on the basis of sex, age, lowest and highest level of education, years of learning, religious belief, cultural background, nationality, and the percentage of those learners who agree in participating from within the institution of learning.

Population and sampling method

According to Taherdoost (2016), a population refers to the aggregate number of all units that possess certain specified features on which the sample required seeks to draw inference. In other words, a population involves the total number of units which forms the sample sizes of units to be drawn. The target population under study in this case involves international students in Australian Higher Educational Learning Institutions who are affected by various factors that influence their social and academic lifestyles. The study target will help establish some of the basic factor affecting foreign students in order to come up with better proposals and solutions to these problems (Kelly, 2003).

Stratified random sampling strategy will be adopted where the important strata (subgroups) will be identified. In this case, the students will be recruited voluntarily based on their respective schools after ethical approval and permission to conduct the process is obtained from the school president and other relevant bodies such as the student’s council.

Two groups with a sample size of 12 individuals will be selected from each school using purposeful sampling. This will involve the final years from the respective schools as they are in their final level of study and have had enough experience in the institution of learning. This exercise will take place on a free day such as the weekend to ensure less distractions and enough time to conduct the exercise. In addition foods stuffs and non-alcoholic flavored drinks will be provided to all in attendants in order to encourage participation from others.

Data collection method

Data collection method will be employed in this case due to size of the targeted population and the relevance of the data required.

In this case the use of questionnaires will be the appropriate data collection method to use due to the following reasons as suggested by Babonea and Voicu (2011). The target group which involves international students from different schools and level of study are diversified and therefore the use of face to face personal interview would be a time consuming and difficult method to conduct the data collection. On their hand, the use of questionnaires as a data collection will save more time for the researchers and the respondents involved. In addition, this procedure will also provide the different respondents involved with enough time to think and provide appropriate answers in the questionnaires at their own free time with minimum supervision, hence reducing cases of error. The questionnaires are also designed in large numbers and distributed over a huge target population allowing all participants to participate in the exercise which will be used in collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Unlike other methods of data collection, questionnaires are considered the most suitable in this exercise due to its comparatively easier method to construct, plan, and administer. Additionally, questionnaires are more suitable in this exercise as it ensures and provides respondents with anonymity. With this procedure of data collection, participants are provided with greater confidence and freedom to express their views.

Ethical consideration

Under this section, the approval to carry out the study on the various factors affecting international students in Australian institutions of higher learning will be obtained from the school president or the principal and from the students who will be participating in the research. In a case where members of the student council are conducting the research, there might occur a power difference between the student council representative and the ordinary student sometimes making them uncomfortable and dishonest. In order to avoid this, ordinary students need to be provided with anonymity. Without possible guidelines such anonymity, any research will most likely fall due to negligible risks. The questions and topics are asked on a daily basis by students and hence cannot introduce any emotional risk and anxiety.

Plan/ logistics for data collection

The discussion for the target group will be supervised by the researcher who is also a student council representative. Despite being a student, the researcher will be able to participate in answering the questions to the discussion beyond moderation.

During the discussion great emphasis will be sited on the use of non-verbal communication, such as prosody and body language when responding to questions. The researcher will write down feelings, thoughts, and various impressions, and other important non-verbal communication during the target group in order to add depth and breadth to the analysis and help in interpreting the presented findings.

In this case, the target population will be semi-structured on the basis of the issues found in the literature review section for instance language barrier, cultural shock, and visa problems. Queries will be formulated in accordance with the level of study, experience, and belief in the availability of the issue.

For storage purpose, the target population’s discussions will be recorded using a voice based recording software which is transcribed to text code by the researcher word for word in order to provide an accurate timeline of events discussed on and off topic.

Plan for data analysis

During this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used when analyzing the data. In addition, the data will also be analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). This process will involve both inferential and descriptive analysis. The Descriptive analysis will help when dealing with categorical variables that will be described as percentages and frequencies. Additionally, discrete and continuous data, variation measures, and standard deviation will all be utilized in the analysis.

Flexibility will be allowed by the researcher in case of any inclusion of additional themes that emerges as the analysis is carried out. This will enable a better and more accurate analysis that well captures all the realities, of factors affecting international students in Australian higher educational institutions.

It is imperative to take into consideration some of the limitations of the document as having the inability to capture the vivid reactions in the meetings and everyday challenges these learners endure. These are as a result of failure in completion of taking notes and inconsistency in the program.

References

Andrade, M. S. (2006). International students in English-speaking universities: Adjustment

factors. Journal of Research in International education, 5(2), 131-154.

Babonea, A. M., & Voicu, M. C. (2011). Questionnaires pretesting in marketing research. Challenges of the Knowledge Society, 1, 1323-1330.

Bhardwaj, A. (2016). Importance of education in human life: A holistic approach. International

Journal of Science and Consciousness, 2(2), 23-28.

Kelly, B. T. (2003). Focus group interviews. Research in the college context: Approaches and

methods, 49-62.

Quinn, M. A., & Rubb, S. (2005). The importance of education-occupation matching in migration

decisions. Demography, 42(1), 153-167.

Son, J. B., & Park, S. S. (2014). Academic experiences of international PhD students in Australian

higher education: From an EAP program to a PhD program. International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 9(1), 26-37.

Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling

technique for research. How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research (April 10, 2016).

Cellular Respiration Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

Students Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professors Name

Date

Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

The principal energy source for cell tissues and a great requirement of aerobic respiration is named the Krebs cycle, and is sometimes identified as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or citric acid cycle (Falton, 2019). The cycle changes the acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) chemical power into the lowering the strength of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The oxidative phosphorylation process, also known as the electron transport chain (ETC), is a collection of four membrane proteins that combine oxidative events to produce an electrochemical gradient that results in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Falton, 2019). Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration happens in mitochondria.

The majority of living things use glucose as their main fuel source, but they first have to process it and conserve the energy in ATP and other elements. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria matrix. The processes of the Krebs cycle donate protons and electrons to a variation of redox responses in the membrane of the mitochondria, which are later taken up by the electron transport chain to make ATP (Patel et al., 2018). The by-products of glycolysis, two molecules with three carbons each known as pyruvate, initiate the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is sometimes identified as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle since this component is acidic. These components are in due course changed into carbon dioxide by a variation of techniques. The molecules' energy is transferred to other molecules known as electron carriers (Falton, 2019). These molecules convey the energy that has been stored to the electron transport chain, which produces ATP. When an enzyme or transport protein is activated, for example, the cell uses this ATP to power the activity. The second of four distinct procedures that must take place in order to derive glucose's energy is the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle consists of nine successive reactions in total.

Coenzyme A separates and is regenerated as acetyl CoA into the Krebs cycle. A four-carbon compound is linked to the two-carbon acetyl unit. The four-carbon compound is created after the six-carbon molecule has two carbon dioxide compounds extracted from it. Following glycolysis in cell metabolism, Krebs occurs (Patel et al, 2018). If oxygen is available, glucose will always be oxidized before being reduced into ATP. Animals that lack oxygen, create a variation of Lactic acid is got from glucose, which is then changed to ethanol by yeast. Acetyl Coenzyme A requires two Krebs Cycles and two cycles in the Electron Transport Chain.

An electrochemical gradient is formed in the electron transport chain by the transmission of electrons from a single molecule to the next, which releases energy. During chemiosmosis, ATP is produced using the energy stored in the gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation defines the method by which ATP is manufactured in mitochondria by chemiosmosis (Manoj, 2018). During photophosphorylation, chemiosmosis is also utilized to capture the energy of sunlight in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Aerobic procedures involve oxygen, whereas anaerobic procedures don't (Manoj, 2018). Unfortunately, the Krebs cycle is not entirely straightforward. It is a phase in the many steps of cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle is nonetheless regarded to as an aerobic procedure because only part of the cycle can take place under anaerobic conditions.

References

Fulton, M. (2019). Cellular Respiration. Microreviews in Cell and Molecular Biology, 5(2). HYPERLINK "https://undergradsciencejournals.okstate.edu/index.php/MRCMB/article/view/9284" https://undergradsciencejournals.okstate.edu/index.php/MRCMB/article/view/9284

Manoj, K. M. (2018). Aerobic Respiration: criticism of the proton-centric explanation involving rotary adenosine triphosphate synthesis, chemiosmosis principle, proton pumps and electron transport chain. Biochemistry insights, 11, 1178626418818442. HYPERLINK "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1178626418818442" https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1178626418818442

Patel, H., Kerndt, C. C., & Bhardwaj, A. (2018). Physiology, respiratory quotient. HYPERLINK "https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk531494" https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk531494

Motor Vehicle Checkpoints and Correctional Facilities

Motor Vehicle Checkpoints and Correctional Facilities

Students Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name

Due Date

Motor Vehicle Checkpoints and Correctional Facilities

Motor Vehicle Checkpoints Importance

The safety of the people is always the priority of the Judiciary in a country. Having a car that is not up to standard as per the roads laws or driving in a questioning condition are some of the ways that are against the laws and a risk to life. The U.S Supreme Court has come up with a decision to establish check points to stop all cars and check other offences. The decision is suitable as it helps in enforcing some necessary laws for drivers without considering the person (Morrison, et al, 2019). The checkpoints will have several importances if established and used for the right purpose.

At the checkpoint certain things can be carried out to ensure the people on the road are safe from which include; speed management of the vehicle as per the speed governance rule, remote observation which is proper number of passengers, good interior and cargo area of the vehicle, vehicle removal if its seen unfit for the road, easy communication and control among the traffic police during a car tracking and human search to ensure illegal goods are not smuggled. All this aim at ensuring the safety of the people and can only be achieved on the checkpoint if all cars are stopped for inspection with no exception.

Evolution of the Courts Approach to the Rights of Prisoners

The correction of the prisoners’ rights was initiated by a Muslim inmate by the name Holts who had made a request to grow a half inch beard for religious purposes but was denied by the department of correction, as only quarter inch beard is allowed, which is against the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), a body that provides protection for the religious liberty of prisoners. Holt filled a pro se complain in the Eastern District of Arkansas claiming violation of RLUIPA. At first the plies were ignored and given negative verdicts but on the eighth circuit Holts verdict was given a positive verdict and lead to changes in some laws

Holts was given permission to grow the half-inch beards as is was seen impossible for them to hold counter bands as claimed (Kleinlein, 2019). The court also agreed with quick and reliable identification of prisoners as a compelling interest and the change in prisoner’s beards would not cause misidentification. The prisoners were also allowed to grow the half-inch beard as no difference was seen between the quarter and half looking at the reasons given on quarter-inch beard. It was concluded by the court that RLUIPA does not intend to violet prison security but should but consideration in inmates religious interest

ReferencesKleinlein, T. (2019). The procedural approach of the european court of human rights: between subsidiarity and dynamic evolution. International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 68(1), 91-110.

Morrison, C. N., Ferris, J., Wiebe, D. J., Peek-Asa, C., & Branas, C. C. (2019). Sobriety checkpoints and alcohol-involved motor vehicle crashes at different temporal scales. American journal of preventive medicine, 56(6), 795-802.

Causes of Obesity

Name:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

Causes of Obesity

Obesity has been on the rise in the United States over the past years, and this has set a worrying trend. According to statistics from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, about 39% of adults over the age of twenty were found to be obese in the year 2016. Children have also been affected, with 13.9% of children aged 2-5 and 20.6% of teens 12-19 being overweight (Yang & Colditz 1412). With these alarming statistics, it is time to question what could be some of the factors that contribute to the rising numbers of obesity in the country and across the world. The three leading causes of obesity are dietary choices, lack of physical activity, and genetic factors.

Many more people choose to take diets high in food groups such as carbohydrates, salt, and sugar. Most of these foods are also highly refined, meaning that they add little or no nutritional value to the body. When young children begin to eat these foods from a young age, they get addicted to it as they grow older. Advertisers have also taken advantage of the situation to advertise more unhealthy foods, especially to children who don’t understand the negative impacts of such a diet. While it is not wrong to eat certain types of food once in a while, people must choose a nutritious diet for the majority of their meals to avoid obesity.

The second reason why the country has seen a rise in the number of obese people is physical inactivity. Most people have adopted a sedentary lifestyle, which is dangerous because it causes obesity and other related health issues. With the rise in the use of technology, children learn to use smartphones and tablets even before they can talk. As they grow older, they rarely go out to play with other children. Adults also drive to work and sit on a chair all day. Whenever someone wants to order some food or get some shopping done, all they have to do is go online, and their orders arrive at their doorstep. This lifestyle is very unhealthy.

The third factor contributing to the increasing rates of obesity is genetic factors. Research conducted by scientists shows a relationship between one’s genetics and a tendency to gain weight. Children born to obese parents are likely to be overweight, because what one eats causes some genes to be expressed more strongly. In a study carried out on identical twins to determine the effect of genetics on weight gain, it was found that the twins shared the same tendency to gain weight despite their diet (Allender et al. 28). However, people with a higher risk of obesity must make the necessary choices that can help them avoid gaining excessive amounts of weight.

In conclusion, the issue of obesity raises some serious concerns about the future. Some of the main causes of obesity are lack of physical activity, bad diet, and genetics. Obesity is dangerous because it affects the mental and physical wellbeing of a person. Some of the conditions associated with obesity include strokes, heart disease, joint pain, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, among others (Yang & Colditz 1413). In addition to this, overweight and obese people also suffer from low self-esteem and confidence because a lot of the time, they get bullied for their weight. At the individual level, people must make better choices about their eating and physical activity to avoid issues with weight. Maintaining a consistent healthy lifestyle is the only sure way to prevent obesity. The government and other nonprofit organizations have also come up with steps to address the issue, such as requiring food producers and restaurants to label calorie counts, and promote physical activity.

Works Cited

Allender, S., Owen, B., Kuhlberg, J., Lowe, J., Nagorcka-Smith, P., Whelan, J., & Bell, C. (2015). A community based systems diagram of obesity causes. PloS one, 10(7), e0129683.

Yang, L., & Colditz, G. A. (2015). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 2007-2012. JAMA internal medicine, 175(8), 1412-1413.

Motivation At Work Application At Making Of Hotplates

Motivation At Work Application At Making Of Hotplates

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc379447670 h 1Changes in the workplace accounting for increase in productivity and decrease in controllable rejects PAGEREF _Toc379447671 h 1What might account for the drop in absenteeism and the increase in moral PAGEREF _Toc379447672 h 2The major changes in the situation, changes were under the control of the manager, which were controlled by workers? PAGEREF _Toc379447673 h 2What might happen if the workers went back to the old assembly line method? PAGEREF _Toc379447674 h 3

IntroductionIn the case study, Making of Hotplates, Workers seems to be having jobs which are extremely specialized. Each task is balanced for three minutes per each station making the work to be extremely monotonous to the workers making them to become unhappy, Because of unhappiness of workers at the workplace; these would have resulted in poor morale as well as low motivation. Motivation in the workplace is a form of force that makes the employees to do things which will result to high production by having an inspiration of completing the tasks allocated. When there is motivation in organization, the employees try to put more effort to increase the output standard (Whiteley, 2002). This paper analyzes the importance of motivation to the workers in the workplace and problems that result when there is low motivation.

Changes in the workplace accounting for increase in productivity and decrease in controllable rejects

An increase in productivity and a decrease in controllable rejects are due to the change introduced in the workplace. The enlargement of job in the workplace gave the workers a higher percentage of total tasks which was scheduled for the workers. Instead of the workers working on one subassembly for many hotplates, they manage to finish the entire hotplate at once then moving on to another hotplate allowing them to be responsible for more portions of other tasks. The workers on the other hand also felt more motivated and so the overall productivity increased. Motivation in organization always drives many workers forward. Little motivation on individual subassemblies make workers to be careless as well as, slow, however when they feel motivated by each having an ownership of the entire hotplate “Now it is my hotplate” enabling them to have the control of the defects and, producing more products (Stack, 2010).

The individual work seemed to have been provided a sense of clarity and speed therefore, increasing the productivity since each individual chose a goal to meet and creating a plan of actions that need to be followed. Increase in productivity could have also been brought by the idea that there are some employees who cannot work well when they are in a team; however they can do much better if they are given individual tasks where they make quicker decision since there is no need for discussion and explanation. Because of these, the work was done quickly hence increasing the productivity and decreasing the controllable reject (Stack, 2010)..

What might account for the drop in absenteeism and the increase in moralThe drop in absenteeism and the increase in morale were due to the increase that was brought about by satisfaction of workers with what they were doing in their jobs. Satisfaction is a sense of job which is worth to be done, or being contented with a task. Overspecialization of job design is brought due to job dissatisfaction, this is because, many workers no longer feel the sense of ownership or control over what they do as their jobs. They fail to feel the self-fulfilled as they have no opportunity of advancing in their jobs resulting in a tedious as well as monotonous work. All the above mentioned factors create unhappiness to the workers creating a tendency of absenteeism (Woerkom & Poell 2010.

The major changes in the situation, changes were under the control of the manager, which were controlled by workers?The major changes in the situation were the enlargement and enrichment of the work where there were so many responsibilities for the infections of final work which was added. The changes which were under the control of the manager is a change in the situation where the manager changed various jobs by reorganizing work lines creating range of movements as well as, setting tasks for each worker. Training program was also added by the manager to the workers where they were left by themselves to decide if they would like the new program or go back to the old one. The training program as well as, decision-making ability also contributed to motivation and workers empowering. Workers on the other hand, are the only people who have the ability of increasing the quality as well as productivity. However, managers alone cannot change errors which can lead to defects in the business. Because of that, they tend to punish the workers not knowing that it is the system that causes an error while not the mistake of individuals to fail making difference in business. Managers have also made it easier for workers to be more efficient and productive by setting job designs which are effective, the manager also maintained the quality of product by increasing the satisfaction as well as improving morale (Rush, 2008).

What might happen if the workers went back to the old assembly line method?If the workers happen to go back to the old assembly line method, the problem will absolutely arise suppose the method was reinstated. There would be dissatisfaction and low motivation for the workers making things to get worse and worse since they would have seen better ways of work approach. In most cases, the management did not have problems with the workers deliberately sabotaging the flow of work in an organization; it is therefore possible that, the managers might start practicing such behaviors under those circumstances. Workers would never feel the responsible for the quality of the individual hotplates compared to what they seem to do now while the gains made would also be lost instantly.

References

Rush, H. M. (2008). Job design for motivation; [experiments in job enlargement and job enrichment,. New York: Conference Board.

Stack, L. (2010). Super competent the six keys to perform at your productive best. New York: Wiley.

Whiteley, P. (2002). Motivation. London: Capstone Pub..

Woerkom, M. V., & Poell, R. F. (2010). Workplace learning: concepts, measurement, and application. New York: Routledge.

Adoption of Square Payroll by Great Lakes Brewing Company for better Processes and Higher Sustainability

Adoption of Square Payroll by Great Lakes Brewing Company for better Processes and Higher Sustainability

Name:

Title: Accounting Manager

For: The Company and IT Steering Committee

Executive Summary

Our company should strive to determine and embrace the most suitable system that facilitates the attainment of our target goal and objectives of ensuring sustainability, more efficiency, higher-convenience, reduced costs of operation, higher accuracy, and more transparency. Unfortunately, we have been relying on a payroll system that is less-automated and does not have a mobile app. Accordingly, this report relies on TELOS and NPV analysis to determine the most suitable system. Subsequently, exhaustive analysis and evaluation of available systems with regards to feasibility by considering aspects such as required resources, and desired outcomes would reveal the most suitable one for our organization. Fortunately, Square Payroll system acts as the most appropriate one since it has higher feasibility capacities. Also, the project would facilitate the attainment of all the desired goals and objectives on matters concerning payroll processes. Even so, this document elaborates on some alternative systems that Great Lakes Brewing Company could adopt to realize all or the majority of its target goals and objectives.

Business Case/Statement of Needs

Our company has benefited immensely from an antiquated payroll system that has been in operation for over ten years. However, it is high time that our organization determines and adopts a better payroll software to realize more efficiencies, higher accuracy, reduced operation costs, and higher transparency and sustainability. 

As an organization that significantly values its employees, we should adopt a payroll system that satisfies the demands and needs of all workers. Unfortunately, our workers find it difficult and almost impossible to access and learn how our payments to them are processed. Accordingly, we should choose a payroll system with ease of access and use by every employee. Thus, we should determine a suitable payroll system with a Mobile App to encourage remote and convenient access. Moreover, a suitable payroll system would allow employees to access, analyze, and evaluate their remunerations and relevant deductions with relative ease and comfort.

Moreover, our company should adopt a more transparent and reliable payroll system that offers all the essential details and reports to every worker and our accountants. Since our firm embraces and encourages employees to own stock, it is crucial to ensure that a highly-reliable and easy-to-study payroll system is adopted to promote workers’ satisfaction. That is, each employee would probably be more most concerned with details such as applicable State and Federal taxes, the number of paid hours per employee, and the date of depositing money in banks. 

Additionally, our company should adopt an appropriate payroll system that promotes continued prosperity and sustainability. As an entity whose primary focus is on sustainable development, it is crucial that we rely on a payroll system that facilitates the attainment of our goal by minimizing operation costs, encouraging more efficiency, and exhibiting reasonable adaptability to the ever-changing work environment (Gatrell, Reid & Steiger, 2018). Accordingly, a suitable payroll system should always remain efficient and up-to-date. Unfortunately, our current system is outdated and lacks vital support services. 

Further, the current payroll system is less-efficient because some of its processes are not automated. For instance, the system relies on manual updating of tax percentages. Consequently, accountants consume substantial efforts and time in processing payrolls for the workers. Therefore, we should embrace a more automated system to ensure higher efficiency, accuracy, and speed (Haris, 2003). Also, we need a system that provides a direct deposit of funds to employees’ bank accounts for speedy payments. Moreover, we would drastically reduce the amount of money that we spend on printing paychecks for employees. 

Goals of the Project

This project endeavors to identify and elaborate on a suitable payroll system that our firm should embrace to encourage more efficiency, higher accuracy, reduced operation costs, higher transparency and sustainability, and more automation in our organization with regards to our payroll system. Thus, this project analyzes and evaluates on available payroll systems that our firm could adopt to realize such objectives and goals.

Constraints

This research study relies on TELOS analysis to determine the most appropriate payroll system for our firm. TELOS analysis plays vital roles in elaborating on feasibility of a project (Šerman, Glavaš, Vukobratović & Kraus, 2017). The first constraint that influences this project is sustainability. As a firm whose primary aim is to ensure sustainability, a suitable payroll system would encourage the attainment of such a goal. Accordingly, we should determine and embrace a payroll system that would remain effective, efficient, and reliable over an extended period. Besides, we should adopt a system that is compatible with a wide array of devices, including mobile phones and computers.

Secondly, we should identify, purchase, and install an affordable yet efficient and effective payroll system. Since we engage in a number of events that are meant to support the local communities while conserving the environment, we should acquire a comparatively cheap payroll system to save significant amounts of money. Still, we need a system whose maintenance is less costly.

Additionally, we need a system that attracts a smooth and seamless transition from our current payroll system. Specifically, we need a better and more automated system compared to the one we are using. Moreover, an appropriate system would facilitate the accurate transfer of vital details from the current system. Also, a suitable system would aid in determining and highlighting failures and mistakes in the existing system to encourage timely corrections, thus helping our firm in avoiding unnecessary penalties and fines. For example, a suitable system would reveal pending Federal or state taxes. Still, we need a system that is compatible with available devices, including those that are used by the current system. Therefore, we need a system that improves the existing. 

Also, we need a system that will not demand advanced skills and knowledge from the users. Instead, a suitable system would require some basic training while causing insignificant impacts with regards to the smooth operations of our organization. That is, we need a system that would encourage continued operations during the installation, training of employees, and subsequent use. Since our employees and accountants would continue accomplishing their tasks and responsibilities during the adoption of the new system, we have limited time for training.  

Furthermore, we need a system that meets legal requirements to operate in the US where our firm is placed. Specifically, we need a system that ensures the deduction and remittance of all the necessary taxes while ensuring timely and accurate payment of employees to avoid unnecessary lawsuits. 

Time Vs. Relevancy 

We need a payroll system that would be in full operation in the next five months. Since our firm encourages its employees to take ownership of the organization’s stock, a suitable payroll system should be adopted and implemented within the shortest time possible to speed up the ownership process (forbes.com, 2019). Employees could need to gain a better understanding of how the firm has been operating with regards to the remittance of federal and state taxes as well as the processing of staff salaries. Such information could be necessary to facilitate informed decisions on matters about ownership of the organization.

Besides, we need a system that would remain relevant, effective, and efficient over an extended period because we are concerned with sustainability. Still, we need a system that would attract more convenience and efficiency while reducing operating costs in the short run. Thus, we need a more automated system to get rid of the costly practice of printing paychecks for employees. Precisely, we need a system that would lead to a drastic reduction in the cost of handling payroll, hence encouraging more saves withing a short while.

Impacts

Impact: Costs and Risks

Although a suitable system would facilitate the attainment of the above-stated goals and objectives, certain costs and risks could occur. First, a new system could have some hidden costs, such as those required for upgrading software or conducting relevant maintenance services. Unfortunately, virtually every appealing project has hidden costs (Weibel, Rost & Osterloh, 2010). Besides, a new payroll system may discourage identification and exploration of other opportunities that could emerge in the market place. For example, it could be difficult and costly for our firm to adopt better payroll systems in the future. Still, the new system may fail to deliver its promises. Manufacturers and promoters of current payroll systems could have used unproven claims and characteristics to boost sales rather than providing accurate information.

Moreover, a new system could result in unwanted delays and disruptions from the usual operations of our firm. For instance, employees and accountants may become demonstrate lower performance as they adjust to the use of a new system. Also, our organization could incur certain costs while training accountants and other employees on how the new system works. Still, some employees may exhibit some dissatisfaction with the use of a new system. Finally, the system may prove unprofitable in the long-term because extra costs such as those for maintenance may occur. Therefore, our organization may experience additional costs and risks that are not easily noticeable.

Impact: Benefits and Opportunities 

 A new payroll system could attract vital benefits and opportunities for our organization. Although a project could appear less attractive, certain hidden opportunities and benefits would render it beneficial after implementation (Grant, Teller & Teller, 2005). First, our firm may realize substantial savings and profits from the long-term use of the system. Precisely, the practice of automating almost every process and elimination of paperwork would result in more efficiency, accuracy, and a dramatic reduction in operation costs (Haris, 2003). Besides, it could become easier for our organization to adopt other improved payroll systems after embracing a new one. Moreover, our staff, especially accountants, could become more productive and efficient when handling their roles and responsibilities. As a result, employees could become more satisfied and motivated, following timely and accurate payment of their salaries.

Also, a new system could lead to significant changes with regard to payroll processes. For instance, employees could gain the opportunity to edit details on their payroll system, while accountants and the human resource manager would have to check and confirm the information in the system. Still, our firm could realize better competitive standing by ensuring timely and accurate processing and remittance of state and federal taxes as well as employee salaries. Subsequently, our firm would attract more competent individuals following an improved reputation. Therefore, a new system could attract essential benefits and opportunities that are not easily noticeable.

Potential Solution/ Recommendation

Our organization would realize its target goal and objectives by purchasing and using the Square Payroll system (McQuarrie, 2020). Square Payroll software is one of the most affordable payrolls in the market. Accordingly, our firm will spend relatively little amounts of funds to acquire, install, and use the software. As a medium-sized company with a focus on encouraging sustainability, it advisable that we acquire Square Payroll to minimize expenditures on matters concerning payroll. Unfortunately, Square Payroll has a limited number of add-on features compared with other payroll systems such as QuickBooks and Gusto. Since our key concern is on ensuring an efficient and effective system, we should adopt Square Payroll because it offers all the basic and vital features. Besides, Square Payroll relies on low cost-maintenance tends to be low. Precisely, our organization would be paying about $29 every month to acquire payroll services from the online platform.

Moreover, Square Payroll is the best option because it has a mobile app for Android and Ios, hence attracts more convenience for accountants, human resource manager and the employees. As such, our organization and employees would not have to acquire expensive computers and phones to utilize the software. Thus, employees and the organization would not incur extra costs of purchasing new phones and computers since they can install the app on their current devices.

Additionally, Square Payroll does not demand advanced skills and knowledge from the users. Instead, its basic features are relatively easier to use and discourages complexity. As a result, users would quickly identify the icon and feature to use. As a result, our organization would spend comparatively little amount of time, funds and relevant resources in training the staffs on the use of the software. Therefore, it will take a relatively short time for our firm to acquire, install and use the Square Payroll system. 

Further, Square Payroll is suitable for our firm because it facilitates smooth switch from the existing payroll system. Specifically, Square Payroll automatically retrieves vital documents and details from the current system (McQuarrie, 2020). Besides, it checks for any errors and mistakes with regards to functions such as payment of Federal and state taxes and employee salaries in the current system. Subsequently, our organization would avoid the otherwise costly, tedious and timeconsuming practice of switching from one payroll system to the other.

Accordingly, we should acquire and install Square Payroll system within the next few months to ensure we realize our target goals and objectives without delays. Moreover, all employees and accountants should strive and ensure that they have appropriate smartphones to facilitate ease of access and use of the new payroll system. Nonetheless, our organization should encourage ease of access and use of all the available computers and phones by every staff member so that those without the required devices do not feel excluded from the new system.

Still, Square Payroll would work best for our organization because it automatically updates all the crucial federal and state deductions. As such, our organization would comply with all the necessary legal requirements by accurately paying taxes on time. Similarly, Square Payroll encourages speedy and accurate payment of employees since it automates virtually all the relevant processes. Accordingly, our organization would avoid costly lawsuits that could emanate from practices such as delayed or incorrect payments. Therefore, Square Payroll is legally feasible for our firm.

However, it is relatively difficult to tell if Square Payroll will remain effective and efficient over an extended period because it is one of the newest payroll systems in the market. Hence, the software could exhibit some technical problems, especially with regards to the use of mobile app. Moreover, the Square Payroll may not prove attractive to the users due to its limited features. Also, Square Payroll could be missing some useful features that could attract better performance. Therefore, further research studies should be conducted to collect information from firms that have adopted the use of Square Payroll before purchasing, installing and using it.

Alternative Solutions

Although Square Payroll could be the best solution for our organization, alternative payroll systems that could effectively deliver the desired goals and objectives exist. First, Gusto could be the best alternative since it has more features and higher-performance compared with Square Payroll. Moreover, Gusto has a mobile app, thus attracts more convenience among its users (McQuarrie, 2020). Also, Gusto has gained good repuration and proves to be highly-efficient and effective. Still, the system is highly-automated for speedy and accurate processes. Besides, Gusto is legally feasible for our firm because it facilitates accurate and timely payment of state and federal taxes . However, Gusto is comparatively more expensive since its software cost over $39 per month. Still, Gusto demands advanced skills, hence, more training resources would be used to develop employees and accauntants. Further, Gusto does not have a reliable and readily available support because its support team is operate daytime on weekdays only. Hence, our firm’s payroll system could remain unoperational during weekends or at night when a technical hitch occurs. Hence, Gusto does not appear as the most suitable system for our organization.

The other alternative is OnPay. This payroll system could partially meet the required goals and objectives. The system offers payroll basics that facilitate accomplishment of virtually all the necessary processes in medium-sized businesses. As such, it could make a sutiable option because it does not require the use of advanced skills and extensive training. Luckily, OnPay provides employee onboarding guidelines to encourage switft adoption. Still, OnPay is legally feasible for our firm and other organizations in the US because it facilitates timely and accurate tax filing. Unfortunately, the system attracts inconviniences among its users since does not have a mobile app. Moreover it is relatively expensive for our firm to use OnPay system because it requires over $36 as maintenance fee every month (McQuarrie, 2020). Therefore, our firm’s focus on sustainability and support for local communities may be compromised by lack of adequate funds because OnPay requires money. Therefore, our firm should not acquire and use OnPay because it does not meet the specifications and requirements.

References

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