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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE BURNING ISSUE OF THE AUSTRALIA BUSHFIRES (2)

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE BURNING ISSUE OF THE AUSTRALIA BUSHFIRES

The authorities in charge have previously easily brought this matter under control. Except that the recent bushfire has caused extensive destruction and has cost many people and animals their lives. This is why the main objective of the Australian case study by Bushfire is to understand its causes and effects. A thorough look at and measures to combat existing bushfire in Australia and explains the future consequences of the fires that took over the Australian bushfires have been incomparable in the 2019-2020 season.

About 3,000 homes, thousands of enterprises, and other buildings have been destroyed, including outbuildings. These losses may not be covered by insurance, but reconstruction by the community especially farmers is important. The extensive destruction of the habitat and inconceivable loss of animals is the result of wildlife rehabilitation and animal recovery effort over several years. Given the huge number of voluntary firemen, including government funding, sponsored and help to stabilize the social setting.

Bushfires are a natural occurrence, historically triggered by lightning ignition and high friction between leaves and bushes due to the massive winds. Although winds trigger the ignition process only the other major requirement is that the process is made simpler by sufficient fuel conditions. In Australia, more bush-fires than lightning or other natural sources are initiated by deliberate lighting. There are also several less apparent

in such situations where intentionally, fires do not harm property and cause injury. In many cases where a fire crew is needed to respond, the costs affect the organization or agencies involved, and often people volunteer for members.

During periods of risk in the bushfire that lead to these incidents, services can decrease their capacity to react to other fires. There is also a growing risk that firefighting crews can sustain injuries or accidents, whether on the roads or at the fire. Any fire can affect the environment by impacting floral or faunal populations, producing smoke, or reducing recreation facilities. Unforeseen fires will interfere with land management programADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.4018/978-1-5225-8362-2.ch019″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Harrison”,”given”:”Sara E.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Johnson”,”given”:”Peter A.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Crowdsourcing”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2019″,”4″,”3″]]},”page”:”349-373″,”publisher”:”IGI Global”,”title”:”Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle”,”type”:”chapter”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=67436dd9-bc26-3738-8cd0-e3b7b1ea2a3c”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Harrison and Johnson)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Harrison and Johnson)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Harrison and Johnson)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}s (Harrison and Johnson). According to 2000-2015, 85% of the area burnt globally is in tropical savannas each year, representing 19% of the total land area. Although forestry accounts for just 10% of the total area burnt, its higher carbon storage capacity results in one-quarter of all carbon dioxide emissions associated with fire. Forest fires in all bio-months account for almost a quarter of all fire emissions. Tropical forests are less fire resilient and their contribution to the storage of carbon makes prevention a priorityADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webster”,”given”:”Regine”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Center for Disaster Philanthropy”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2019″]]},”title”:”2019-2020 Australian Bushfires – Center for Disaster Philanthropy”,”type”:”article”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=99e56cbf-ddc2-3beb-b16c-61089e7ae301″]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Webster)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Webster)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Webster)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Webster).

An increasing proportion of wildfires is due, intentionally or otherwise to human activities. It is estimated that 75% of all wildfires in recent years are responsible. Climate change also increases the unpredictability of fire seasons. With a host of underlying causes, changes are often not realized until they reach a critical point depending on specific human actions. Real estate boom and urbanization have brought people to settle in areas that regularly experience fires in North America and Australia. Thus even small fires, which caused a fuel accumulation over many years, have been completely suppressed, leading to extremely large, severe, and destructive conflagrations. The data collected points out, abnormally long fire seasons, have become more and more frequent, which complexities forest management and further increases the likelihood of uncontrolled wildfiresADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1177/1326365×13517191″,”ISSN”:”1326-365X”,”abstract”:”Bushfires are a major part of the Australian natural disaster landscape; causing severe property damage and loss of life. Since 2009 there have been four major bushfire events in Australia warranting government inquiry. The recommendations from such inquiries are intended to drive future policy and decision making, reflecting a commitment on behalf of authorities to learn from past events. For authorities, ensuring the successful communication of bushfire safety is the key to securing legitimacy, yet communication within the public sector is characterized by politics, legal constraints, media attention and public scrutiny. The perception of risk and the desire to promote an image of competence can inhibit innovation, particularly in relation to public sector internet communications. We should not assume that governments want greater community participation when there is both economic and political risk involved in doing so. Nevertheless, greater community participation in bushfire communications appears to be a key recommendation of the recent bushfire inquiries and which the public sector generally and fire and emergency services organizations specifically, are under some pressure to accommodate. Internet-based communications have a key role to play in filling the gap, but must balance community desire Asia Pacific Media Educator 23(2) 351-365″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Brady”,”given”:”Danielle”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webb”,”given”:”Naomi”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Asia Pacific Media Educator”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2013″,”12″,”24″]]},”page”:”351-365″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications”,”title”:”Communicating Bushfire Safety in Australia: The Challenge for Government of Increasing Community Participation”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”23″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4307a998-4405-3b24-8c74-304076a5586d”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Brady and Webb).

Bushfires are a critical aspect of Australia’s natural disaster landscape; causing serious damage to property and life loss. Many species are also at risk of complete extinction. It is believed that over one-third of the koala population has been killed, while habitat loss will significantly influence the recovery of the species. An Australian government study revealed that fire affected 471 of the plants and 191 invertebrates, with at least 30 percent of their habitat loss among the most severely affected species. Moreover, ranchers have lost a great deal of livestock. These investigations aim to encourage future policy and decision-making, reflecting the authorities’ commitment to learning from past events.

The successful communication of bushfire safety for the authorities is the key for the securing of legitimacy, while communication is characterized by policy, legal restrictions, attention to the media, and public scrutiny. Risk perception and the desire to promote the image of competence can inhibit innovation, especially in relation to the Internet communications sector of the public. It is not assumed that governments want more participation in the community when economic and political risks are involved in it. Nevertheless, greater participation of the community in communication with bushfire seems to be a key recommendation of the recent bushfire surveys, and that is subject to some pressure from the public sector, fire and emergency services. Internet Communications help in bridging the gap, but community willingness to take active participation in government needs and reduce the risk can be effective

Work Cited

ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Brady, Danielle, and Naomi Webb. “Communicating Bushfire Safety in Australia: The Challenge for Government of Increasing Community Participation.” Asia Pacific Media Educator, vol. 23, no. 2, SAGE Publications, Dec. 2013, pp. 351–65, doi:10.1177/1326365×13517191.

Harrison, Sara E., and Peter A. Johnson. “Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle.” Crowdsourcing, IGI Global, 2019, pp. 349–73, doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8362-2.ch019.

Webster, Regine. “2019-2020 Australian Bushfires – Center for Disaster Philanthropy.” Center for Disaster Philanthropy, 2019, https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disaster/2019-australian-wildfires/.

Myths and realities of Strategic planning for Co.s sustained growth by John Spence

‘Myths and realities of ‘Strategic planning’ for Co.’s sustained growth’ by John Spence

Introduction

These articles review all the myths and misconceptions that a company faces when making sound decisions for their strategic plans. Planning is one of the critical areas of management. Planning involves forecasting about the future market trends and opportunities. Strategic planning leads to successful outcomes of the desired goals and objectives. Lack of sound planning leads to a company’s failure.

The author argues out the problem that most managers face when coming up with sound decisions for the better progress of the organization; He uses the following myths; analysis is not a strategy, coming up with real strategy involves making risky decisions on resource allocations e.g. committing a significant amount of money into construction of new facilities and lastly, implementation of new goals. The author argues that; most business organizations lack the ability of differentiating between analysis of the company’s goal and coming up with new strategies that can bolster positive growth of a company’s profit. This problem is associated with the implementing agency. The author debates that; implementation of new strategies and goals of the organization is a key determinant of value addition to a company’s future trend in the market. A team that is tasked with implementation of these goals ought to devolve specific and unique channels that work to realize positive trends of profits in the business.

Establishing of an independent implementing team is significant to the company’s decision making team. An exterior team needs to be outsourced to guide in the implementation process of a company’s key strategies. This only boosts the company’s trust on the planning process and its longevity. Planning is a key success tool for an organization that is futuristic.

References;

Spence, J. (2009). Myths and Realities of ‘Strategic Planning’ for Co.’s Sustained Growth. The Economic Times, 17(4): 12-14.

Myths Of Ancient Times

Myths Of Ancient Times Greek myths are entertaining and meaningful, fictional and truthful. They tell stories of Gods, Goddess’s, children and animals. But most of all they teach a lesson. What was the point of Greek myths? What were some of the stories? Were they taken seriously? Why were they important? This paper will explain what Greek myths are all about. It will say why Greek myths were created, and what they mean. It will also give an example of a popular myth.

“A myth is a religion in which no one any longer believes.” (James Feibleman) Although Greek myths are interesting and entertaining stories, they played a more important roll in the every day life of ancient civilization. “Greek Gods were simply the products of colorful imaginations.” (www.angelfire.com/mt/ahsb/intro.html) They were the imaginations of a civilization that told these stories as a way of explaining the unexplainable events that happened in their lives. These “unexplainable” things consisted of uncontrollable events, natural phenomenons and mind-boggling occurrences. The realization of these stories lead one to believe that they were “perfect humans”, but can benefit from being immortal as well. The Greeks gave them all the abilities, qualities and values that they themselves wanted. Once they did this, the Greeks idolized the existence of the Gods and they way they behaved.

The Greeks felt that these Gods and Goddesses had complete control and influence over their lives. “The poets were not alone in sanctioning myths, for long before the poets the states and the lawmakers had sanctioned them as a useful expedient. They needed to control the people by superstitious fears, and these cannot be aroused without myths and marvels.” (Mikhail Strabo) The Greeks were the first people to write myths. These myths were like parables; there was usually a “moral to the story”. There were heroes and Gods in these stories and as they were passed down from one generation to the next, they became accepted as logical explanations to situations and uncertainties that they didn’t understand. Greeks also relied heavily on these myths to inspire them, as well. They were inspired during their every day lives, but especially during battle. When dealing with human relationships and conflicts, a Greek would derive very evident morals on which to base their life and confront issues. These were taken very seriously. These myths were not only taught to other generations of Greeks, but to other cultures and civilizations as well.

The Greeks had many Gods and Goddesses, including twelve principal ones who lived on Mount Olympus. Zeus was the king and leader of the twelve. His symbol was thunder and when you see him as a statue, he appears to be holding one. Poseidon was the God of the sea and earthquakes. It was said that when he became angry, he used his trident to create massive waves and floods. Ares was the God of war. It was said that he was fiery tempered, bloodthirsty, brutal and violent. Hera was not a principal Goddess; her job was a subservient one. She was Zeus’ cupbearer. Athena was the Goddess of wisdom and the patron of Athens. Unlike Ares, she derived no pleasure from fighting, but preferred settling disputes peacefully using her wisdom. However, if need be, she went valiantly into battle. Hephaestus was worshiped for his matchless skills as a craftsman. When Zeus decided to punish men he asked Hephaestus to make a woman. So Hephaestus made Pandora from clay and water and, as everyone knows, she had a box from which sprang all the evils afflicting humankind. Apollo was the God of the sun and Artemis was the Goddess of the moon. They were the twins of Leto and Zeus. Apollo was also worshiped as the God of music and song which the ancient Greeks believed were only heard where there was light and security. Artemis was worshipped as the Goddess of childbirth and protector of children, yet strangely enough, she asked Zeus if he would grant her eternal virginity. Hermes was the God of the animals. His job was to protect the animal kingdom. Demeter was the Goddess of vegetation. Demeter was worshipped as the Goddess of earth and fertility. Aphrodite was the Goddess of love, who rose naked out of the sea. She had a magic girdle, which made everyone fall in love with its wearer. The girdle meant both Gods and Goddesses constantly pursued her because they wanted to borrow the girdle. Zeus became so fed up with her promiscuity that he married her off to Hephaestus, the u!

gliest of the Gods. Dionysos was the son of Hera and Zeus. He was so ugly at birth that he was horned and crowned with serpents. His parents boiled him in a cauldron, but he was rescued by Rhea and banished to Mount Nysa in Libya where he invented wine. He eventually returned to Greece where he organized drunken revelries and married Ariadne, the daughter of King Minos.

One very popular myth to the Greeks is “The Creation of Man by Prometheus.” Prometheus and Epimetheus were given the task of creating man, because they had not fought alongside their fellow Titans during the war with the Olympians. Prometheus used mud to shape man, and then Athena breathed life into the figure. Prometheus gave Epimetheus the task of creating the qualities of man, such as swiftness, cunning, strength, fur, and wings. But by the time Epimetheus got to man, he had already given out all of the good qualities he was able to. Therefore he decided to make them stand straight up, as the gods did, and he gave them fire.

Prometheus loved man much more than the Olympians had, who banished his family, or most of it anyway, to Tartarus. Zeus decided that man had to present a portion of all the animals they sacrificed to the gods. Prometheus didn’t like this idea, and so he tricked Zeus. He created two piles, one had bones wrapped in fat, and the other with the good meat hidden in the hide. He then told Zeus to choose. He picked the pile of bones, and since Zeus gave his word, he was forced to accept this future sacrifices. Because of the anger he had for being tricked, he stole fire away from man. But the Prometheus lit a torch from the sun, and brought it back to man. This enraged Zeus, so he inflicted a terrible punishment on both man and Prometheus.

To punish man, Zeus told Hephaestus make a mortal of stunning beauty. The gods gave this mortal many gifts of wealth. Then Hermes gave it a deceptive heart and a lying tongue. This creation was then named Pandora, the first woman. The last gift was a jar that Pandora was told never to open. After completed, Zeus sent Pandora to Epimetheus who was staying amongst the men. Prometheus warned Epimetheus not to accept gifts from Zeus, yet Pandora’s beauty was too great and he allowed her to stay. Eventually, Pandora’s curiosity about the jar became too much. She opened the jar and all manors of evils, sorrows, plagues and misfortunes flew out. However, in the bottom of the jar there was one good thing- hope.

Zeus was angry with Prometheus for three reasons; being tricked on sacrifices, stealing fire for man and refusing to tell Zeus which of his children would dethrone him. Zeus forced his servants to seize Prometheus. They took him to the Caucasus Mountains and chained him to a rock with unbreakable chains. He was tormented day and night by a giant eagle tearing at his liver. He was given two ways out of this torment. He could either tell Zeus the name of the mother of the child that would dethrone him or meet two conditions: an immortal must volunteer to die for Prometheus and a mortal must kill the eagle and unchain him. Eventually, Chiron the Centaur, agreed to die for him and Heracles killed the eagle and unbound him.

My feelings about Greek Myth’s are that they are stories for amusement purposes only. They are not true, and they no longer serve as much a purpose as today. Most Greeks do not still believe in many of the stories, but some continue to live by them. Yet they are still read in countries around the world for enjoyment purposes.

Bibliography:

 HSA.brown.edu/~maicar/briefhistory.html

 www.angelfire.com/mt/ahsb/intro.html

 www.math.utk.edu/~vasili/gr_link/greek.myth/creationman.html

 www.vacation.net.gr/p/mithos.html

CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE BURNING ISSUE OF THE AUSTRALIA BUSHFIRES

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE BURNING ISSUE OF THE AUSTRALIA BUSHFIRES

An increasing proportion of wildfires is due, intentionally or otherwise to human activities. It is estimated that 75% of all wildfires in recent years are responsible of climate change which causes increases the unpredictability of fire seasons. Climatic changes are often not realized until they reach a critical point depending on specific human activities. Real estate boom and urbanization have brought more human settlement areas that regularly experience fires in North America and Australia. The data collected points out, abnormally long fire seasons, have become more and more frequent, which complexities forest management and further increases the likelihood of uncontrolled wildfiresADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1177/1326365×13517191″,”ISSN”:”1326-365X”,”abstract”:”Bushfires are a major part of the Australian natural disaster landscape; causing severe property damage and loss of life. Since 2009 there have been four major bushfire events in Australia warranting government inquiry. The recommendations from such inquiries are intended to drive future policy and decision making, reflecting a commitment on behalf of authorities to learn from past events. For authorities, ensuring the successful communication of bushfire safety is the key to securing legitimacy, yet communication within the public sector is characterized by politics, legal constraints, media attention and public scrutiny. The perception of risk and the desire to promote an image of competence can inhibit innovation, particularly in relation to public sector internet communications. We should not assume that governments want greater community participation when there is both economic and political risk involved in doing so. Nevertheless, greater community participation in bushfire communications appears to be a key recommendation of the recent bushfire inquiries and which the public sector generally and fire and emergency services organizations specifically, are under some pressure to accommodate. Internet-based communications have a key role to play in filling the gap, but must balance community desire Asia Pacific Media Educator 23(2) 351-365″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Brady”,”given”:”Danielle”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””},{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Webb”,”given”:”Naomi”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Asia Pacific Media Educator”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”2″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2013″,”12″,”24″]]},”page”:”351-365″,”publisher”:”SAGE Publications”,”title”:”Communicating Bushfire Safety in Australia: The Challenge for Government of Increasing Community Participation”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”23″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4307a998-4405-3b24-8c74-304076a5586d”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Brady and Webb)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Brady and Webb).

The successful communication of bushfire safety for the authorities is the key for the securing of legitimacy, while communication is characterized by policy, legal restrictions, attention to the media, and public scrutiny. Risk perception and the desire to promote the image of competence can inhibit innovation, especially in relation to the Internet communications sector of the public. Nevertheless, greater participation of the community in communication with bushfire seems to be a key recommendation of the recent bushfire surveys, and that is subject to some pressure from the public sector, fire and emergency services. Internet Communications help in bridging the gap, but community willingness to take active participation in government needs and reduce the risk and act effectively.

Work Cited

Harrison, Sara E., and Peter A. Johnson. “Crowdsourcing the Disaster Management Cycle.” Crowdsourcing, IGI Global, 2019, pp. 349–73, doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-8362-2.ch019.

Climate change annotated bibliography

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Climate change annotated bibliography

Cavicchioli, Ricardo, et al. “Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17.9 (2019): 569-586.

This article talks about the Anthropocene, in which we live right now, and how climate change is affecting most life in the World. It also talks of how microorganisms back up the survival of higher trophic forms of life. To comprehend how a human being and other living creatures on Earth can endure the anthropogenic climate change, the article says it is essential to combine microbial ‘unseen majority’ understanding. It suggests that we ought to study not only the way microorganisms impact climate change (comprising of consumption and production of greenhouse fumes) but moreover exactly the way they it will be impacted by change in climate and extra-mankind doings. This article is well thought out because it shows the main role and global significance of microorganisms regarding the biology of climate change. Additionally, it places humanity on warning that the climate change impact will hinge heavily on microorganisms responses, which are crucial for attaining a sustainable environmental future.

Clayton, Susan, and Bryan T. Karazsia. “Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 69 (2020): 101434.

In author of this journal talks about how there exist cumulative focus to the destructive emotional reactions linked with climate change awareness. The journal displays three readings developing an anxiety climate change scale. In the first reading, the scale was validated and developed in a 197MTurk sample. It states that the experimental factor scrutiny of their item pool discovered a structure of four-factors, with cognitive-emotional damage, behavioral engagement, functional damage, and experience evolving as distinctive factors. Functional impairment and Cognitive-emotional damage were well-thought-out to constitute anxiety of climate change subscales; alongside behavioral commitment, all of them were linked up to experience and also to emotions that were harmful. Neither climate change nervousness nor anxiety and depression generally were linked to behavioral commitment.

The second study of the journal duplicated the factor structure and also the correlation pattern in a subsequent 199MTurk sample. The journal’s third study scrutinized the connection between adaptation responses and climate change nervousness in the 217 samples and tried if the anxiety of climate change marks could be impacted through the climate change framing of a message. I think this journal is credible because, in its outcome, it proposes that anxiety in climate change isn’t rare, particularly amongst younger grown-ups; and that there worry may be distinguished from a more severe impact on someone’s life; the journal also says that anxiety of change in climate is connected with emotions however not behavioral reactions to changes in climate.

Hallegatte, Stephane, and Julie Rozenberg. “Climate change through a poverty lens.” Nature Climate Change 7.4 (2017): 250-256.

This Study breaks down and scrutiny of the economic influence of climate change, typically putting in mind regional or national economies and evaluates its effect on macroeconomic combinations like the (GDP) gross domestic product. The study hence doesn’t examine the distributional effects of climate change inside states or the poverty impacts. This Perspective targets to narrow this gap and offer a climate change assessment impacts at the domestic level to examine the climate change consequences for poverty and also poor persons. The study does it by joining the physical impacts assessments of climate change in numerous sectors with surveys of households. To be precise, it highlights how inclusive and rapid growth can decrease the future effects of climate alteration on poverty..Hsiang, Solomon, et al. “Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States.” Science 356.6345 (2017): 1362-1369.

This paper says that approximations of change in climate destruction are essential to the plan of climate policies. The paper seeks to cultivate an architecture that is flexible for computing destructions that incorporates climate science, process models, and econometric analyses. The paper utilizes this method to make probabilistic, empirically, and spatially clear obtained evaluations of destruction economically in the U.S from an alteration in the climate. The joint marketplace value and non-market destruction through scrutinized sectors—, crime, agriculture, energy, coastal storms, labor, mankind and mortality—rises four times more in universal mean temperature, pricing approximately 1.3% of GDP per +1.1°C averagely. The author says that threat is dispersed unequally through localities, producing a large value transfer westward and northward that raises economic unfairness. The author says that by the latest years of 21st century, the counties third poorest are estimated to experience disruption that ranges between 3and 17% of county revenue (89% chance) beneath business-as-usual releases.

Ray, Deepak K., et al. “Climate change has likely already affected global food production.” PloS one 14.5 (2019): e0217148

This article seeks to analyze how to crop productions are anticipated to decline under the future climate situations and that the latest research proposes that productions have by now been impacted. However, the article says that current effects on crop diversity sub nationally and consequences for food security are still not clear. It talks of how they made linear regression relations utilizing the climate and reported crop information to evaluate the possible impact of change in climate on the products of the best eight worldwide crops– maize, cassava, sugarcane ,rice, barley, oil, wheat, soybean, and sorghum, at ~20,000 political units. It was figured out the influence of universal change in climate on harvests of diverse products from trends in climate varied from -3.4% (soybean) to 13.5% (oil palm). It was found out that the outcome displays that influences are generally undesirable in Australia, parts of Europe, and Southern Africa however largely encouraging inside Latin America. In Central and Northern America plus Asia, impacts are mixed up. This article is reliable because it shows how in about half of food-insecure nations, expected caloric accessibility decrease and also how results propose that climate change has by now impacted food of production globally.

Seidl, Rupert, et al. “Forest disturbances under climate change.” Nature climate change 7.6 (2017): 395-402.

The author seeks to elaborate on the way disturbances of forests are delicate to climate. The article talks of how our comprehension of disturbance aspects in reaction to changes in climate stays to be incomplete, specifically regarding patterns of large-scale, dampening feedbacks and interaction effects. The author offers a global synthesis of change on climate impacts on vital abiotic (drought, wind fire, ice, and snow) and biotic (pathogens and insects) disruption agents. The author says that drier and warmer conditions specifically are a catalyst for fire, insect, and drought disturbances, whereas wetter and warmer surroundings escalate disturbances from pathogens and wind. Widespread connections amongst agents have a higher chance to intensify disturbances, whereas indirect climate impacts like changes in vegetation can diminish long-term disruption sensitivities to climate. The author concludes that both society and ecosystems ought to be equipped for an increasingly troubled future of the forests.

Works cited

Cavicchioli, Ricardo, et al. “Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 17.9 (2019): 569-586.

Clayton, Susan, and Bryan T. Karazsia. “Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 69 (2020): 101434.

Hallegatte, Stephane, and Julie Rozenberg. “Climate change through a poverty lens.” Nature Climate Change 7.4 (2017): 250-256.

Hsiang, Solomon, et al. “Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States.” Science 356.6345 (2017): 1362-1369.

Ray, Deepak K., et al. “Climate change has likely already affected global food production.” PloS one 14.5 (2019): e0217148

Seidl, Rupert, et al. “Forest disturbances under climate change.” Nature climate change 7.6 (2017): 395-402.

Climate Change as A Current Issue

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Introduction

Climate change is one of the controversial topics in existences. Climate change can as well be referred to as global warming. Climate change is a term used to describe weather phenomena that involves an increase in the temperature of the global environment. It is most times used interchangeably with the term ‘global warming’ but they are very different. Science communicators prefer to use climate change because it not only includes the increasing global temperatures but is also about the effects of climate caused by this increase such as the rise of sea levels, mass loss of ice in Greenland, Antarctica, the Arctic and mountain glaciers, changes in plant and flower booming and other extreme events of weather. While different natural phenomena can affect the climate, scientists agree that global warming and the resultant effect on the climate is largely a result of human activity.

Currently, climate change is a subject of political controversy, especially in the USA. Scientists have come up with conflicting evidence for the support and for the denial of the existence of climate change. However, the growing clarity and consensus make it difficult to ignore the fact that climate change is definitely real. Skeptics have various reasons for their skepticism but rather than become skeptical, it is important to embrace the challenge and find out ways on how to combat climate change. Climate change is real but there but despite the various opposing positions to this claim and there measures to help combat the issue.

Arguments Climate Change Does Not Exist

The first counter argument is that there have been no significant and prolonged temperature changes ever since 1997. According to the scientists who argue against the existence of climate change, the rise in temperature began in 1975 up until 1997 and since then the temperature has been flat. However, had there been no rise in temperature changes, ice caps and glaciers would not have melted. For the second argument, the skeptics of climate change have argued that not enough historical data is available to prove climate change. They point out to a recent gathering of 31,000 researchers in the environmental science field in which consensus was not reached. However, the scientific consensus is clear in the reports of the Integrated Panel on Climate Change that was created by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environmental Program to evaluate matters of climate change. Finally, that Arctic ice has increased by 50% since 2012 is a counterclaim to the claim that climate change has caused the melting of ice caps and shrinking of glaciers. Some scientists have gone ahead to claim that global warming does not cause Arctic ice to melt. (Whitmarsh, 2011).

Claims on the issue of climate change

Human activities cause climatic change, and activities such as deforestation, greenhouse farming, burning of fossils and wood to produce fuel have ended up causing global warming. When substances are burnt to release energy, gases are emitted which pollute the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases emitted from the burning of fossil fuel. Australia is among the world largest CO2 producers.

The first claim is that climate change exists because of the rise in sea levels. Sea levels have risen in most parts of the world because of the melting of ice caps and glaciers and the changes of gases contained within large water bodies. Also, thermal expansion due to the warming of the ocean has resulted in a rise in sea levels. Research findings indicate that the global mean sea levels have risen two times as compared to the 20th-century trend of 1.6mm per year. In the past century, there was a rise in the levels of the global sea by approximately 6.7 inches.

The second argument is that climate change exists because there has been a rise in the average temperature of the earth. For the past half of the century, global temperature has continued to rise. One of the reasons for this rise in temperatures has been the increase in greenhouse gas emissions that has, in turn, increased the greenhouse effect which has resulted in the rise of temperatures. The burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of these greenhouse gases. According to findings from scientists, temperatures rose strongly in the 70s before there was a lull in the 90s and then a rising pattern again in the 2000s (“Is Global Warming Real? Top 5 Arguments in Favor and Against it – Conserve Energy Future,” 2016).

Thirdly, the shrinking of glaciers is a reason to claim the existence of climate change. Glaciers, especially those in mountain ranges like Greenland and Antarctica, are shrinking. This is because gases that helped to maintain temperatures have reduced and also, there have been changes in the climate of regions. Research evidence from a study by NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment indicate Greenland lost between 36 to 60 cubic miles of ice yearly from 2000 to 2006 (“Is Global Warming Real? Top 5 Arguments in Favor and Against it – Conserve Energy Future,” 2016). Indeed, there exist a change in climate from the previous years to what is being experienced now.

Deforestation as One of Key Causes of Climate Change

Trees aid in locking up Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere where they take up CO2 and release oxygen to the atmosphere which is then used by animals and humans during breathing. Cutting down trees means that carbon dioxide is retained in the atmosphere which in turn causes global warming. Trees use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and this reduces CO2 Levels in the atmosphere, which results in long-term fluctuation of this gas (Hunt, C. A. G. 2011).

Carbon dioxide is a heat absorbing gas which then absorbs the heat meant to go back to space and later releases it to the atmosphere causing a rise in temperature thus global warming. The process of trees using up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is called carbon “sink” where deforestation hinders the effectiveness of this activity. Per every two acres of tropical forests, it is believed that 350 metric tons of carbon are stored thus cutting down an acre at once implies 180 metric tons of carbon dioxide gas is released to the atmosphere which is dangerous (Hunt, C. A. G. 2011).

How Climatic Change Comes About

Trees, directly and indirectly, affect the earth’s temperature which brings about a global warming case. Trees are responsible for climatic change and when cut down they impact negatively on climatic change. Trees aid in the drawing up water from the earth soil and releasing it into the environment, that is the atmosphere. This is commonly referred to as the water cycle where cutting down trees interrupts the water cycle. Since trees have been cut down thus the failure to draw water from the soil making the atmosphere dry. In most cases when you go to deserted places, areas where trees are few and turning centers you will always find the humidity level to below (Grover, V. I. 2009). In tropical areas where there is more tress, there are high levels of moisture in the atmosphere thus low and favorable temperature conditions for human living. When the environment is less humid it leads to an increase in the atmosphere’s temperature. Cutting down trees without replacement aids in the long-term climatic change such as desertification characterized by temperatures above 26 degrees Celsius.

Long-term effects of deforestation are felt when there is no carbon intake and the levels in the atmosphere increase causing a rise in temperature. The temperature of the earth mainly comes from heat due to the sun, where the level of temperature is between heat from the sun and the one bouncing back into space. Albedo is a process is affected by deforestation. Albedo refers to the fraction of electromagnetic radiations reflected by a body or surface according to the dictionary. Weather scientists refer the albedo process to the event in which radiations from the sun are reflected back into space which in turn reduced temperatures in the atmosphere. In most cases, radiations from the sun are always reflected by snow surfaces. Cutting down trees leads to reduced moisture which affects snow formation thus less of the sun’s radiations are reflected in space. When most of the radiations are absorbed in the atmosphere there results in warming which after a period of time becomes global warming. General Circulation Models (GCM’s) have explained that deforestation leads to a slower albedo rate by the land (Hunt, C. A. G. 2011).

Lastly, industries aid in global warming where gases and other fuels are burnt to produce energy where in this process Carbon dioxide and other gases are released into the atmosphere. Also, in industries such as the paper industry, petrochemical industry and metal industries, there are gases emitted such as nitrogen, methane and carbon gases. Humans engaging in greenhouses for food production also leads to climatic change where there are gases emitted in this type of farming. The gases include methane, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, which absorb heat from the space and later release to the atmosphere resulting in global warming. Cattle ranching and livestock farming is another source of greenhouse gases, burning of fossil fuels releases carbon and nitrogen oxides which also contribute to global warming.

Natural induced climate change

Other than the human activities, there are natural earth cycles that also result in climate change. Solar irradiance is one such natural activity. The sun being an important energy source that drives the climatic system, changes in its output will definitely result in climate change. Research shows that solar variability has contributed to past climatic changes. For example, the Little Ice Age of between 1650 and 1850 is thought to have been triggered by a reduction in solar activity, when Greenland was separated by ice from 1410 to 1720s and glaciers increased in the Alps. However, the current global warming cannot be evidenced by changes in the sun energy (“Climate change causes: A blanket around the Earth,” 2018).

Effects of Climate Change

The effects of climate change are adverse and this calls for measures to control the situation. In the USA for example, hotter summers and milder winters have been experienced. This in turn has resulted in a direct impact on food crops and the survival of animals. Some species of animals are likely to go extinct due to unbearable climatic conditions. When large forests are destroyed local communities and species that rely on them are likely to suffer. Droughts and floods are likely to increase as well.

It is feedback when trees are cut down they cause global warming, and this climate change later destroys other trees or prevents fast plant growth. The first effect of global warming is on the forests is that increased temperatures in the atmosphere will lead to a slow growth rate of trees. Also, heating up of the atmosphere in some environments mostly leads to shifting of the geographical habitat of some tree species thus depreciating forests coverage in the affected regions. Specific tree species grow in specific conditions; an example is the mahogany tree which grows in tropical conditions thus if the region’s conditions are no longer favorable the species might end up being extinct in the region reducing the population (United States. 1989). Cactus is known to grow in arid and semi-arid regions thus global warming in a specific region will lead to this type of species being common in the arid region.

Climate change affects food availability for both plants and animals. Global warming increases the risk of drought and dry season in some areas and flooding and heavy rainfall in the alternate areas. The risk of drought implies that there will be less plant growth when such season come. Drought makes it hard for humans since it in turn cause decrease in food availability (Grover, V. I. 2009), thus cases of starvation and malnutrition in areas such as the Saharan region. Lastly, global warming causes flooding which in turn causes soil erosion making the affected areas to have less soil nutrients. At the oceans, warm currents due to global warming build up slowly giving time form the storm formation and when they make a landfall they are characterized by heavy rainfall. Scientists say that climate change may result in intensified storms which can cause floods due to the record rainfall (United States. 1989).

Other effects of global warming include ocean acidification due to an increase in the concentration of gases in the atmosphere. Change in ecosystems since animals and other creatures will migrate to other regions that favor them compared to the harsh conditions in the drought region (Grover, V. I. 2009). Reduced crop production which will, in turn, affect food availability which will result in migration by humans. Human activities lead to global warming which then affects their general health since drought brings issues such as lack of food and water scarcity which may long-term lead to malnutrition. Drought also leads to the death of wildlife and wildlife diseases because of unfavorable conditions characterized by high temperatures, less food and lack of enough water.

How to combat climate Change

Climate change is not just a government’s issue. Every individual citizen in every corner of the world has a responsibility to combat climate change as well. There are numerous ways that climate change can be combatted. People should reduce emissions by embracing alternatives to driving like cycling or sharing a car with someone else so as to reduce the amount of harmful gases emitted. Energy saving by not leaving devices on standby will help salvage the situation as well. If people consume less energy and time, then energy usage will reduce. A switch to using LED light bulbs for example, is a great way to reduce energy usage. If people learn to reuse, reduce wastage and recycle half of the garbage produced at home will reduce. Also, a reduction in meat processed food consumption will help and finally, promoting renewable energy by the government will help. Governments need to control the climate pollutants such as carbon dioxide as well by coming up with national policies and regulations that will fasten the fight against climate change within a short while (Thompson, 2007).

Many people are less aware of the long-term effects of deforestation such as global warming, drought, and loss of species living in the forest. To help solve the problem the first thing is to educate on the dangers and disadvantages that come with deforestation as a human activity.. Advocating for reforestation is the best way to solve deforestation since there is the need to cut down forest then replanting is the best thing to do. When one cuts tone tree then he or she needs to plant two, this should be a policy in all the regions. (Wolvekamp, P. 1999). Law and regulations need to be in place which they will advocate for replanting trees once one has the permit to cut down one and in failing to abide by the rules, there should be huge fines and consequences that will make people have no choice. Also, laws on industries emitting harmful gases should be in place as well as limiting production of cars emitting exhaust fumes.

Green business should be the way to go by everyone where it encourages reusing and recycling products. Greenways of manufacturing and using minimal the resources possible can help reduce the rate of deforestation. Recycling wood used in fires can be through using the charcoal produced for fuel production, recycling industrial gases as well will help reduce the rate at which climate changes. Plastics and paper can be recycled save trees and reduction of single-use plastics (Webster et al, 2014). People should have the option of using recycled paper to reduce the demand of new products

Also, technology should be on the lookout to come up with new ways to expand the roads, for example, investing in underground roads and railway tunnels rather than clearing forested land for expansion. Community forestry should be encouraged where schools, government, and organizations team up to protect their local forests by advocating for conservation (Wolvekamp, P. 1999). Community forestry also entails planting trees in areas left bare to make the environment sustainable. Schools also need to be planting trees during ceremonies, sports days and on the worlds environmental day to increase the number of trees in their environment.

Human activity takes up the greater percentage of activities that result in climate change. It is the responsibility of everybody to ensure that they reduce the amount of toxic gas they emit in the environment and that is why it is important to regularly calculate one’s carbon footprint. Despite challenges like uncontrollable harmful human behavior, the world has joined hands to fight global warming and that is why treaties such as the Paris Agreement were created (“Climate change explained | OVO Energy,” n.d.).

Things to Note

The Amazon forests produce about 20% of the oxygen in the world thus we need to protect this forests and other forests to maintain current oxygen levels.Climatic change may be a threat to biodiversity as over 25000 species may go extinct in the next 100 years if deforestation continue to increase. Among the endangered plants that may go extinct if deforestation rates continue to increase are Rafflesia and Orchids (Wolvekamp, P. 1999).

The Amazon, Cerrado, Eastern Australia, Congo Basin, Borneo, Greater Mekong, New Guinea, Sumatra, Eastern Africa, Atlantic Forest and Choco-Darien are among the top ten forests that are under the danger of deforestation. This forests are home to over 50% of the animal species and need to be protected (Owens, C. 1999).

Conclusion

To conclude, the issue of climate change is real and no matter the number of rebuttals from the skeptics, accepting and embracing the challenge will help combat the situation before it gets to irredeemable levels. Those not in support of the existence of climate change could have evidence to support their claims but also the evidence from scientific bodies about the realness of the issue should be taken with the seriousness it deserves. If everyone takes measures to combat the situation, the debate may as well be put to rest. Climate change has continued to increase over the years majorly as a result of human activities such as deforestation and an emission of toxic gas from our daily activities such as production in industries. Climate changes, for example, global rise in temperature, glacial retreat, reduced snow cover, rise in sea level, extreme events and acidification of the ocean have been a result of global warming.

Reference

Climate change causes: A blanket around the Earth. (2018, October 15). Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

Climate change evidence: How do we know? (2018, October 15). Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/

Climate change explained | OVO Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ovoenergy.com/guides/energy-guides/what-is-climate-change.html

Durham, W. H., & Painter, M. (1998). The social causes of environmental destruction in Latin America. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.

Grover, V. I. (2009). Global warming and climate change: Ten years after Kyoto and still counting. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Hunt, C. A. G. (2011). Carbon sinks and climate change: Forests in the flight against global warming. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Is Global Warming Real? Top 5 Arguments in Favor and Against it – Conserve Energy Future. (2016, December 25). Retrieved from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/is-global-warming-real.php

Owens, C. (1999). Deforestation. Chanhassen, MN: Child’s World.

Thompson, A. (2007). Extreme measures. Nature Reports Climate Change, (0712), 92-92. doi:10.1038/climate.2007.63x

United States. (1989). The potential impact of global warming on agriculture: Hearing before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, second session on the potential effects of global warming and global climate change on U.S. agriculture and forestry, December 1, 1988. Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

Whitmarsh, L. (2011). Scepticism and uncertainty about climate change: Dimensions, determinants and change over time. Global environmental change, 21(2), 690-700.

Wolvekamp, P. (1999). Forests for the future: Local strategies to prevent deforestation, economic blunders and injustice. London: Zed.

Climate Change as a Public Health Issue (2)

Climate Change as a Public Health Issue

11/04/2020

Kadeane MooYoungWest Coast University

Climate Change as a Public Health Issue

Environmental injustice can be well-defined as the unduly exposure of societies of the poor and color to pollution, and its related impacts on the environment and health, in addition to the uneven ecological protection and ecological excellence provided through regulations, laws, and government programs. Environmental injustice came from the element that several human groups or communities are excessively exposed to greater levels of an ecological threat than other parts of the community (Bick et al., 2018). There is real proof that environmental injustice is triggered by various factors, including unequal political power, misguided regulatory policy, unequal regulation enforcement, discriminatory siting, and higher exposure to environmental menaces. Social status and particularly low salaries are majorly linked to greater exposure to ecological risks in the residential location or private.

Science ought to play a critical part in the creation of a public health strategy. For a new and complex emerging matter such as environmental justice, science regularly cannot give policymakers with examination data to point decisively to a certain solution (Whyte, 2018). Among the environmental injustices met by ethnic minority and racial communities, one feature that is regularly overlooked is the impact of discrimination on the environs that the society is founded in. The common examples of social injustice that such communities undergo include: homophobia, discrimination, and ageism.

Public health is the art of improving and protecting the wellbeing of individuals and their societies. It is attained by responding and preventing infectious sicknesses, promoting healthy lifestyles, and investigating sickness and injury prevention. The advantages of approaching a health disparity as a public health issue normally yield health welfares, indirect and direct. Public health supports the well-being of the whole community, safeguards its safety and safeguards it from the spread of environmental hazards and infectious disease, and aids in ensuring access to quality and safe care to profit the populace. Public health should insert social justice to decrease rates of medical conditions caused by injustice.

Reference

Bick, R., Halsey, E., & Ekenga, C. C. (2018). The global environmental injustice of fast fashion Environmental Health, 17(1), 92

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7

Whyte, K. (2018). Settler colonialism, ecology, and environmental injustice. Environment and Society, 9(1), 125-144.

https://doi.org/10.3167/ares.2018.090109

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov a famous Russian scientist is commonly known for his contribution in the physiological field regarding mammal digestive system mechanisms. His work made him recognized globally and the positive impact on science made him a winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1904. Afterwards, he turned to the study of the laws of development of conditioned reflexes which is significant in the science of behavior commonly referred to as classical conditioning. It is a process of learning that occurs when two stimuli are provoked together repeatedly and eventually a response that was stimulated by first stimulus is stimulated by the second stimulus.

Initially on his study of classical conditioning Pavlov realized the signals that are triggered by the digestive phenomena such as salivating in dogs when they encounter meat. He first noted that dogs drooled without an appropriate stimulus especially on seeing the lab coats that the person who served them meat used to wear. Also, on striking the bell just before the dogs are served for a long while made them adopted to it and they would drool anytime the bell is rang. It come to a conclusion that animals generally adapt to stimuli favorable for their survival and food is an example of natural conditioned stimulus.

The important principle discovered regards extinction. It states that conditioned response decreases in intensity if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly elicited without the unconditional stimulus which in the dogs’ case is food. Conditioning is essential in the study of human behavior and it has been significant to commercial advertising. The aim of working out people to make connection between positive emotions and the reaction of a particular brand. Pavlov has played a vital role in physiology as the fore father of the classical conditioning knowledge which is essential not only in the science field but also in commercialization.

Client Engagement Assignment

Please name your file: zID Client Engagement.docx

University of New South Wales

FINS5510 Personal Financial Planning 21T1

Client Engagement Assignment

Template version 1.0

Student details:

Student ID: Replace this text with your UNSW student zID

Given name: Replace this text with your given name (UNSW student records)

Family name: Replace this text with your family name (UNSW student records)

Word counts:

Question 1 1160

Question 2 816

Student declaration:

☒This assessment is my own work and has not been done in collaboration with anyone else.

Question 1

Financial advisors play one of the most important roles of helping individuals manage their finances. According to Cruciani (2017), a financial advisor is charged with the responsibility of providing guidance and advice to clients for compensation. Basically, a financial advisor is an expert who provides advice and consultation to individuals concerning their entity or individual finances. In addition, they also provide a variety of other services ranging from tax planning, investment management and estate planning. Among many clients and business organizations, financial advisors are considered important advisors who assist clients achieve their financial goals by providing them with ways and strategies to eliminate debts, create more wealth, and reduce costs. Furthermore, they also provide savings, insurance, budget, and tax assistance strategies to clients who come to them for advice. While providing financial advice to their clients, it imperative for financial advisors to develop a good understanding of the client’s situations, objectives, needs, financial literacy and risk tolerance for them to be able to provide the best advice to their customers.

Cruciani (2017) indicates that developing a good understanding of the client’s situations, objectives, needs, financial literacy, and risk tolerance is one of the basic standard requirements in the investments industry which ensures that both investment and financial advisors know and understand detailed information concerning their clients. In addition, this basic standard is also considered an ethical requirement for those operating in the security industry such as financial advisors when dealing with customers. The basic knowledge of the client’s information is of vital importance to a financial advisor as it protects both the investment advisors and the clients. By developing a good understanding of the clients, financial advisors are able to protect their client’s financials by engaging in financial opportunities that best suit their personal and confidential situations. In addition, a proper and detailed knowledge of the clients also protects the financial advisor on what to include and not include in their customer’s portfolios.

In order to provide for a financial adviser to provide financial advice that is of the best interest to the customer, it is important for them to develop a better understanding of the customer’s situation. This involves developing a clear knowledge about the client’s annual income and the net worth (Collins, 2012). By providing their annual income information to their financial advisor, clients are able to assist their advisor understand their savings, cash flows, and debt capabilities enabling the financial advisor to determine the client’s income needs and appropriate risks. In addition, by understanding the net worth situation of their clients, financial advisors are able to better understand the ability of their clients to take different types of risks and identify the suitable opportunities for them to invest and make more finance or save more cash on current investment expenses. Therefore, the clear understanding of the customer’s current situation assists the financial advisor to develop some of the best investment opportunities and strategies for their clients to continue earning more money and better saving approaches.

Apart from understanding their client’s situation, it is also important for financial advisor to develop knowledge on the objective or goals of their clients (Wood, 2012). In many cases, this can be achieved by developing a clear relationship that is based on mutual trust. By understanding the goals and objectives of their clients, financial advisors are in a position to provide the most appropriate advice on the type of investment selection that the client should adopt. In so doing, financial advisors are able to provide their clients with the best advice while protecting their client’s financials by engaging in financial opportunities that best suit their personal situations. For instance, the case of a couple buying a home is one of the many examples in which Tristan, a financial advisor attempted to build this deep understanding of the client while providing advice that was in the client’s best interest. Based on this case, after buying their house, this couple was faced by drastically changing budget causing a lot of financial issues due to the fact that they were depending on their paycheck for the day to day living. By listening and developing an understanding of couple’s current situation, Tristan begins by providing clarity and financial advice on the budget situation of the couples (Good Tristan, 6:22). Despite building a deep understanding of the client situation, there cases where Tristan failed to do so. For instance, in a case where Tristan shows lack of seriousness due to distractions while attending to clients is a good indicator of some of the factors that results to a lack of deep understanding of the clients, needs, goals and situations (Bad Tristan 4:18). The results of this include poor financial advice, lack of trust, and detailed information from the client.

Wood (2012) asserts that financial advisors also have the responsibility of developing a deep understanding of their client’s tolerance for risk. As is common knowledge, investment is usually a difficult risk that many individuals opt not to take due to the unguaranteed nature of return. With this in mind, it is therefore important for financial advisors to understand their customer’s tolerance for risks. In so doing, they are able to understand how much change or fluctuations their clients are able and willing to manage in their portfolio and hence ensuring that they feel secure and safe when investing in business opportunities that involve risks. In many cases, a vast majority of people lack financial literacy on the various basics of their finances. As a financial advisor, it is imperative to understand your client’s financial literacy which is critical in the effective management of finances. This helps the investor understand how complex or simple their client’s investment portfolio are.

The case of a client considering retirement is another example of how Jeremy, a financial advisor attempted to build a deep understanding of the client while providing advice that was in the client’s best interest. A client considers retirement but she has concerns such as how she will get funds throughout the retirement. In addition, she has needs and objectives during her retirement which she must satisfy such as traveling and spending more time with family. After developing an understanding of the client’s situation, goal of retirement and the need to be financially comfortable, Jeremy provides advices to the client indicating that it is very important for her consider financial services and privacy policy guide that provides more information on financial services (Good Jeremy, 6: 38). Despite building a deep understanding of the client situation, there cases where Jeremy failed to do so. For instance, in a case where a client follows up on the issue they are trying to solve, Jeremy displays the element of uncertainty where he is not sure about the issue the client is taking about. In this case, this shows that Jeremy does not have a deep understanding and knowledge of the issue which in many cases result to poor financial advice (Bad Jeremy, 4:40).

Question 2

Trust is one of the very most important elements in any relationship. According to Burke and Hung (2021), trust involves a firm belief in the ability or reliability of someone to do something. In many occasion, the availability of trust cements relationships bringing people to work and live together with a feeling of safety and belonging. Within many organizational structures, trust in a leader allows communities and organizations to flourish, while its absence causes fragmentation and individualism. Over the past decades, financial planning environment has been experiencing significant development and change with the global financial crisis being blamed for the public’s trust loss in the financial service world. With this, customers trust in various financial service industries has deteriorated over the years. Bearing this in mind, it is clear that client trust in one of the major important element of the financial planning process. It is therefore the responsibility of financial advisors to develop trust with various clients in order to ensure the establishment of a successful advisor-client working relationship (Cull, 2015).

Building the client’s trust is considered the most important part for a financial advisor during the financial planning process. For clients to be able to engage and totally commit in financial planning process, they must first be able to develop a trustful relationship with their financial advisors. With this in mind, it is therefore the responsibility of the financial advisor to adopt various ways and strategies that ensure the development of a successful advisor-client working relationship. According to Cull (2015), building trust with clients during the financial planning process is important as enables the clients to share all their goals with their financial advisors. With this, financial advisors are able to provide the most appropriate advice on the type of investment selection that the client should adopt. In so doing, financial advisors are able to provide their clients with the best advice while providing protection to their client’s financials by engaging in financial opportunities that best suit their personal situations.

Building trust with the clients is an important part of the financial planning process as it encourages openness from the client’s side (Cull, 2015). By being open, clients are able to provide more information on their needs, objectives (goals), financial literacy, current situation, and their tolerance to risk. In so doing, clients are able to provide accurate and more information to their financial advisors who are able to provide financial advice that is in the best interest of the customer. In addition, the access to accurate and more information concerning the client also protects the financial advisor on what to include and not include in their customer’s portfolios. Cull and Sloan (2016) also indicate that, the establishment of trust between clients and financial advisor during the financial planning process is of great significance as it results into the development of a successful based client-advisor working relation. It is only through this working relation that clients are able to relay their information to their financial advisors. In regard to the financial planning process, building trust in clients is important as it result to an increase in the number of clients either through referrals or retaining of clients.

While developing trust which is the key in the financial process, it is imperative that financial advisors adopt various steps towards the attainment of customer’s trust. For instance, in the case of Tristan, a financial advisor, the steps to building an effective trust with his clients began with getting to know them and deeply having an understanding of their situations. After words, Tristan proceeds by providing financial advice on the matter at hand as seen in the case of the couple who bought a home and have been facing financial situations. In so doing, Tristan is able to develop a trust between him and his clients (Good Tristan, 6:22). However, there are also ways in which financial advisors erode the trust of clients. For instance, in the case of Tristan, displaying distraction when attending to clients is a factor that erodes clients trust as it does not involve listening and understanding of clients needs, situations, and goals to provide the best suitable financial advice (Bad Tristan, 4:18). In the case of Jeremy, the steps to building an effective trust with his clients also began with understanding the client’s situation, her need, and objectives during retirement. He provided the client with good advice of adopting financial service to help her during her retirement. It is such clarity and advice that builds trust between financial advisors such as Jeremy and their clients (Good Jeremy, 6: 38). However, despite this there are also ways in which financial advisors such as Jeremy erode the trust of clients. For instance, in the case of Jeremy not paying attention to client’s information to an extent of them reminding him indicate poor or lack understanding of the customer’s situation, needs, and objectives (Bad Jeremy, 4:40).

References

Bad Jeremy (4:40)

Bad Tristan (4:18)

Good Jeremy (6: 38)

Good Tristan (6:22)

Burke, J., & Hung, A. A. (2021). Trust and financial advice. Journal of Pension Economics &

Finance, 20(1), 9-26.

Collins, J. M. (2012). Financial advice: A substitute for financial literacy?. Financial Services

Review, 21(4), 307.

Cruciani, C. (2017). Investor decision-making and the role of the financial advisor: A behavioural

finance approach. Springer.

Cull, M. (2015). The role of trust in personal financial planning.

Cull, M., & Sloan, T. R. (2016). Characteristics of trust in personal financial planning. Financial

Planning Research Journal, 12-35.

Wood, W. H. (2012). Role of the Financial Advisor. The Handbook of Municipal Bonds, 43-50.

Classical Era of Music

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Classical Era of Music

The Classical era of the eighteenth century was a period of major changes for the world by the great compositions from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

The Classical era of music stated from 1750-1820. The major composers of this time were Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven and Gluck in vocals and instrumentation. The variety in genres of music in the Classical era was the sonata, string quartet and the orchestra. The difference of music style from the Baroque Era was that the classical music was much longer and had more than a singular rhythm. The melody was tuneful with variety of crescendos. The harmony changed at varied point of a composition (Campbell, p. 150).

Sonata in the Classical Period used one or two instruments. This was later modified by the Sonata form. The Sonata form is different in that it has three varied movements in the same composition. The first begins fast, preceded by a slower movement then finally a fast one again. An example is the piano Sonata from Mozart. The opening key sets the mood for the whole piece of music. It had a lively tempo. Then there is dramatization with a move from one key to another to produce syncopated rhythms to raise the melody of the music and is a bit slower (Campbell, p.150-153).

Then last part is marked by tension and surprise with a fast tempo. In the development section in the sonata form, the rhythm, melody and harmony are modified to make the music less conventional. Mozart’s compositions had this characteristic (Campbell, p.150-153).

Another example of Sonata is the string quartet. The instruments in a string quartet are the violin, the cello and the harpsichord and the music produced is of the same timbre. This style was different from the former sound in which the instruments produced contrast and different sounds. For instance, in Corelli’s solo sonata, the sounds of the instruments varied. The piano was invented in this era replacing the harpsichord whose strings would break easily (Campbell, p.153- 154).

The symphony orchestra consists of about 100 or more musicians playing a variety of instruments from woodwind, brass and percussions. There are other instruments that are played such as the piano. The string instruments make up the core of the orchestra. Mozart’s concerto consisted of a flute and harp known as Flute Concerto. An example of a modern well known orchestra is the Chicago symphony (Campbell, p. 9-12).

Some of the major master pieces by Mozart were the last ten string quartets in C major, the Clarinet Concerto, the Serenades and the six symphonies. He had composed over 20 piano concertos which are models to date. The opera of Don Giovanni was Mozart’s major works and has been considered as “the greatest opera composition” worldwide. The themes are well carried out in the dynamics and tempo (Schefold).

Color is used in music when a particular composition of one instrument has been redone by using a variety of instruments mainly to add a variety of tones. The dynamics of Mozart’s music was soft and loud. In the classical era, the orchestra had more color with the inclusion of instruments such as flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons (Campbell, p.157).

In the Classical period, the low class could not mingle with the high class commonly known as the aristocrats. There was segregation according to economic ability. Mozart composed Serenades and concerto music preceded by a flute in his time. The serenades were played in parties in the aristocrats houses in the high class society (Schefold).

The classical era came with it an advancement of the society. With this new style of music, there were more jobs created in the orchestra. There was also a new need to have people write about the music hence writing became predominant. There were public concerts, musicians and artists. Music was not meant to be understood but enjoyed. There were formation of schools and a new attitude towards religion was formed. There were also a lot of achievement in art and literature. Their art was more passionate and descriptive (Schefold).

The different elements of music have well been used by Mozart in his compositions. You notice the use of fast and slow tempo, form, texture harmony and melody. There is a wider range of instruments being used with the introduction of the piano in this era. Mozart’s compositions have been greatly practiced in society today. There are major schools of music reading about this eighteenth century compositions. It has also been a way of living for people who have studies his music over the years.

In conclusion, music is a very strong agent for change in any society. Even in this modern time, music has been used to educate people. It has also been used to change people’s perception and promote positive aspects in the society such as peace.

Works cited

Michael Campbell. Student’s Edition, Schirmer Cenage Learning, Boston, MA, 2011. Print.

SCHEFOLD, K. The art of Classical Greece, New York. 1966. Print.