My Mother Woke a Rooster Analysis

My Mother Woke a Rooster Analysis

Student’s Name

Institution

My Mother Woke a Rooster Analysis

“My Mother Woke a Rooster,’’ a poem by Laurie Ann Guerrero explains how the mother was amazed by her extensive presence in the kitchen which was tiny as well as the extraordinary strength in her thighs with the ease of the strut. The pan was hanging on the stove where she caught the reflection of herself and swooped her rubbery cockscomb back, letting it fall over her brow. She pursed her lips which were red in color and her mouth which was just visible deep inside a sharp beak. She watched in wonder the staccatoed swivel of her neck rubbing what the previous night is revealing the wrinkled throat of an old woman. Her eyes were now looking at the face of a fighting cock. Her tip of the toes which were red can now claw and was rough as rope.

The speaker of the poem “My Mother Woke a Rooster” uses a rooster and not a chicken or hen in that it is used as a symbol because it is vibrant and diverse as the mother in the poem. Rooster signs gist is all about fanning out with brilliance and showing the shimmering facets of personality. A rooster is used as a solar symbol and sign of illumination. Additionally, a rooster is considered as a timekeeper and a sign of time passing in speaker’s life. A rooster is used to reveal symbols such as strength which the speaker gives to the mother used in the poem. In the first line of the first stanza, the speaker reveals that the mother woke up early in the morning which discloses the timekeeping as a rooster is used symbolically. Moreover, a rooster is used as a symbol of strength. In the in the poem, the last line of the second stanza make known the strength the mother had in her thighs as the speaker postulates (Braden, 2008). Furthermore, a rooster is used as a symbol of boldness. In the first line of the first stanza, the speaker reveals that the mother was not surprised that morning by the stove when she cracked open a fresh brick of coffee with hands feathered as the bed from which she rose; revealing that she was bold enough.

Use of rooster in the poem “My Mother Woke a Rooster’’ is metaphorical. A metaphor is a type of figure of speech that is used to describe an object or an action in a way that it is not true, but aids to explain an idea or make a comparison. In the poem, the speaker uses metaphor to refer to another thing to show or suggest that they are similar. In the first line of the first stanza of the poem, the speaker uses a rooster in place of the mother revealing how she woke up early and the actions that followed that morning. Also, the title of the poem has a metaphoric meaning that a rooster is used in place of something else. The metaphor is used by the speaker to make the subject more relatable to the reader. Furthermore, the reader gets the funniest moment of thinking about what it would be like if a rooster were acting like a mother.

The application of metaphor is one of the most significant styles of poetry. The speaker uses excellent metaphor in the poem to impact complex images and feelings to the reader. A metaphor often states the comparisons most poignantly. The metaphor used in this poem makes it more engaging and exciting for the leader. It attempts to ensure the correct balance between finding an exciting connection and still making the poem clearer. In the poem the title ‘’My Mother woke a Rooster’’, the writer uses metaphor in a way that he engages the reader as well as excites the person who reads it (Damon, 2006).

The writer of the poem ‘’My Mother woke a Rooster’’ uses a rooster which is a cork with males characteristics to create boldness and strength. Boldness is portrayed in the poem in the first line of the first stanza where the mother is exposed not to be surprised that morning by the stove where she cracked opened a fresh brick of coffee with hands feathered as the bed from which she rose. Also, the writer portrays strength in the poem in the in the second stanza where the mother was amazed by her large presence of in the kitchen, the incredible strength in her thighs with the ease of strut. In addition to the rooster which has male characteristics, it still vigilance especially during the morning hours in that it must crow at a specific time. Vigilance is as well portrayed by the mother in that she wakes up in the morning. This is clear from the first line of the first stanza where the mother was not surprised that morning revealing that she woke up in the morning.

In the poem ‘’My Mother Woke a Rooster’’, the thesis can be tied to the metaphor in that the metaphor is used as a symbol to reveal the character traits the mother had such as strength which forms the thesis of the poem. With the rooster’s traits, a thesis of the poem can be analyzed supported by the traits which help the reader to understand the poem in a better way.

In the poem, the writer uses intense colors such as blue and black as well as a rose. Color symbolism in poetry imparts a deeper meaning to the words which in turn helps the reader to transform the written content into a more powerful instrument. Black color as used in the poem is used to symbolize power, formality, and elegance. From the poem in the second line of the second stanza, a bouquet of blue and black is revealed to rise hence given the power. On the other hand, the blue color is mainly used to symbolize a positive emotional response and is typically associated with the feeling of calmness, happiness, peace, relaxation, and comfort. The writer of this poem uses it to depict trust, loyalty, faith, confidence, and truth. In the poem, the writer walked to the sink of water and a bouquet of blue and black and rose from the coccyx. Therefore, this statement discloses that the mother was calm and happy as it moved like a waterfall swiping the sugar and cream from the counter. A rose, on the other hand, is used to symbolize love, beauty and something of value (Guerrero, 2013). The writer reveals the beauty of the bouquet by using the word rose in the second line of the second stanza.

Also, the writer uses rose as a flower to create a sense of beauty as well as rose a verb to create alliteration in the poem. This makes the poem more memorable and helps the reader to grasp the words.in the second line of the second stanza in the poem, the writer creates alliteration by using the word rose as a flower as well as rose as a verb. It makes the poem more memorable and more interesting. Also, the writer uses strange words such as coccyx and staccato to enable the reader to think critically hence enabling his understanding of the poem.

The speaker suggests that her mother was gaining strength than she was before. In the third line of the last stanza, the writer reveals that the staccato swivel of the mother’s neck, rubbing what the night before was the wrinkled throat of an old woman. However, in the night before she had wrinkled neck, but now she was not gaining strength (Williamson, 1998). The father of the speaker was away because the mother woke up by herself and did the tasks by herself. The writer reveals that the mother was in the kitchen which was tiny and hence the occurrence of the poem in the kitchen where the father was absent.

As discussed above, it is clear that the writer uses various styles such as metaphor and alliteration which makes the poem enhance reader’s understanding as well as enhancing memorizing. These styles makes the poem more interesting to the reader and facilitates critical thinking.

References

Braden, G. (Ed.). (2008). Sixteenth-century poetry: an annotated anthology. John Wiley & Sons.

Damon, M. (2006). Post-Literary Poetry, Counterperformance, and Micropoetries. In Poetry & Pedagogy (pp. 129-147). Palgrave Macmillan US.

Guerrero, L. A. (2013). A Tongue in the Mouth of the Dying. University of Notre Dame Pess.

Williamson, G. (1998). A reader’s guide to TS Eliot: a poem-by-poem analysis. Syracuse University Press.

Citation of Books, Articles, Journals, and Blog

Citation of Books, Articles, Journals, and Blog Written In Different Styles

A book written by one author in MLA and APA styles

Jetten Jolanda. Together apart: The psychology of Covid-19. Sage, 2020.Jetten, J. (2020). Together apart: The psychology of Covid-19. Sage.A book written by two authors in MLA and APA styles

Perveen Aisha, and Sadia Malik. “Influence of Family Violence on the Marital Quality in Pakistani Muslims: Role of Personal Factors.” Religions 11.9 (2020): 470.

Perveen, A., & Malik, S. (2020). Influence of Family Violence on the Marital Quality in Pakistani Muslims: Role of Personal Factors. Religions, 11(9), 470.An article in a Newspaper in MLA and APA styles

Silva Derek MD. “The othering of Muslims: Discourses of radicalization in the New York times, 1969–2014.” Sociological Forum. Vol. 32. No. 1. 2017.

Silva, D. M. (2017, March). The othering of Muslims: Discourses of radicalization in the New York times, 1969–2014. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 138-161).An article in a Magazine in MLA and APA styles

Held, Theodore. “Culpable Negligence at Science Magazine.” Academic Questions 32.3 (2019): 392-401.

Held, T. (2019). Culpable Negligence at Science Magazine. Academic Questions, 32(3), 392-401.

A Blog in MLA and APA stylesZaver, Fareen, et al. “Blog and podcast watch: pediatric emergency medicine.” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 17.5 (2016): 513.

Zaver, F., Hansen, M., Leibner, E., Little, A., & Lin, M. (2016). Blog and podcast watch: pediatric emergency medicine. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(5), 513.

Citations

Citations

Aslan, A. (n.d.). Doi: 10.24205/03276716.2020.2079 828 the effect of social … Retrieved November 28, 2021, from https://www.revistaclinicapsicologica.com/data-cms/articles/20210225011942pmSSCI-552.pdf

Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. B. F., Lee, J., Mann, M., Merhout, F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(37), 9216–9221. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26531294Beukes, S. (2017). An Exploration of the Role of Twitter in the Discourse Around Race in South Africa: Using the #Feesmustfall Movement as a Pivot for Discussion. In U. U. Frömming, S. Köhn, S. Fox, & M. Terry (Eds.), Digital Environments: Ethnographic Perspectives Across Global Online and Offline Spaces (pp. 195–210). Transcript Verlag. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1xxrxw.16Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). THE GLOBAL ORGANIZATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS. Journal of International Affairs, 71(1.5), 23–32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26508115

Carlisle, J. E., & Patton, R. C. (2013). Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election. Political Research Quarterly, 66(4), 883–895. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23612065Crain, M., & Nadler, A. (2019). Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure. Journal of Information Policy, 9, 370–410. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370Ferrer Lozano, S. P. (2021). A New Tool for Mobilization? The Effects of Social Media Use on Youth Voter Turnout. https://escholarship.org/content/qt2vz0m7k8/qt2vz0m7k8.pdf

Falck, O., Gold, R., & Heblich, S. (2014). E-lections: Voting Behavior and the Internet. The American Economic Review, 104(7), 2238–2265. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42920885Gillespie, A., & Brown, N. E. (2019). #BlackGirlMagic Demystified: Black Women as Voters, Partisans and Political Actors. Phylon (1960-), 56(2), 37–58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26855823

Hentges, S. (2016). Toward #SocialJustice: Creating Social Media Community in Live and Online Classrooms. Transformations: The Journal of Inclusive Scholarship and Pedagogy, 26(2), 230–238. https://doi.org/10.5325/trajincschped.26.2.0230

Hunter, J. D., & Caraway, H. J. (2014). Urban Youth Use Twitter to Transform Learning and Engagement. The English Journal, 103(4), 76–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24484224

Kelleher, E., & Castro, M. (2019). College Voter Turnout. https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/about.illinoisstate.edu/dist/e/34/files/2019/09/kelleherfinal.pdf

Litschka, M. (2019). The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy. Journal of Information Policy, 9, 63–94. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0063Markoff, J. (2012). Social Networks Can Affect Voter Turnout, Study Says. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/13/us/politics/social-networks-affect-voter-turnout-study-finds.html

Moore, H., & Hinckle, M. (2020). Social Media’s Impact on the 2020 Presidential Election: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. https://research.umd.edu/news/news_story.php?id=13541

Procaccia, A. (2020). Opinion: Social media may have contributed to record voter turnout in the 2020 election. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/11/27/social-media-probably-contributed-record-voter-turnout-2020-election/

Spierings, N., & Jacobs, K. (2014). Getting Personal? The Impact of Social Media on Preferential Voting. Political Behavior, 36(1), 215–234. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43653399Toni G.L.A. van der Meer, Dave Gelders, & Sabine Rotthier. (2014). e-Democracy: Exploring the Current Stage of e-Government. Journal of Information Policy, 4, 489–506. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.4.2014.0489Watkins, S. C., & Emerson, R. A. (2000). Feminist Media Criticism and Feminist Media Practices. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 571, 151–166. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1049140YERLİKAYA, T., & ASLAN, S. T. (2020). Social Media and Fake News in the Post-Truth Era: The Manipulation of Politics in the Election Process. Insight Turkey, 22(2), 177–196. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26918129

My name is Fahad Alajlan, and I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. I am to the prestigious Northridge University

(Name)

(Course)

(Tutor)

(Date)

Admission Essay

My name is Fahad Alajlan, and I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. I am to the prestigious Northridge University in order to gain admission and study at the masters level. I hope to pursue a course in engineering management so that I can fulfill my career objectives. I have learnt quite a lot about this university mostly from my friends, who are alumni of Northridge University. They all have praises for the university, and how it moulds an individual to be the best that they can ever be. I want to be associated with this great university so that I can pursue my engineering education.

Spending most of my life in Saudi Arabia made me see how the country has developed in such a short time. There are many modern skyscrapers, roads, as well as other infrastructure, and I wanted to among the individuals responsible for such developments. While at Saudi Arabia, I undertook my undergraduate degree in engineering at King Saud University. I later on worked at my family’s company, and now I want to expand my career path. The United States has better universities that can provide me the educational endeavors that I seek. It is thus the reason why I choose to study at Northridge University.

My fortunate undergraduate education was marked by an exceptional grade point average. I ensured that I would maintain the best possible GPA that would ensure that I graduate with utmost honors. Since I want to join graduate school, I will ensure that I improve my performance as I will devote all my attention and thoughts into succeeding in my chosen course, which is engineering management. Early on during my studies, I found out that engineering was a subject that I would excel in since I have a natural inclination towards it. Furthermore, working in my family’s company, which deals with engineering related issues made me more informed about the career choice that I had chosen.

Northridge University comes to the very top of all my priorities since it is a known and well-established university in America, as well as the rest of the world. Concerning engineering, the university successfully provides students with research programs. Furthermore, the environment at the university is impeccable and the reason I want to pursue my engineering masters in the university. I know quite well that any individual who wants to excel as well as obtain engineering knowledge has to be in a competitive and challenging learning environment. This will stimulate an individual to realize their goals in life effectively. I want to travel all the way to America from Saudi Arabia because I am sure that Northridge is the best place to secure an education.

In the future, I want to obtain a doctorate degree in engineering management, and the knowledge I will have obtained will be useful in my engineering career. I am extremely eager and excited to increase my knowledge in this unique field, and later on, engage in engineering research. I am excited because Northridge will provide me with the needed foundation in my career path. Furthermore, I hope that I will improve through always staying abreast with matters that concern engineering at the prestigious Northridge University. I am sure that by choosing to study at this university I will become a well-rounded individual. I therefore, hope that you give me the chance to study at Northridge University.

My Name

Name:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

My Name

Sierra is a name with Spanish origin which means “saw” in English and “mountain” in Spanish. The name, however, has been used in the description of the mountain ranges because of the saw tooth appearances that exist on the picks. Sierra Nevada and Sierra Madre are good examples of the mountain ranges. It’s a name that relates to the sun rise. The beam of sun rays we see in the morning as the sun rises from the mountain peaks. Sierra for sweet and friendly, a name that matches my personality.

Sierra is a name for brown color. A color that can blend with so many other colors as one can never go wrong with brown if they use it. It is a name that my mother gave me as one of her wishes was to name a child Sierra because Sierra Boggess, celebrated American Actress was one of her favorite actresses. A name I now hold with pride as it defines who I am. The name gives me an identity that is quite unique around. A name that oozes with lots of confidence and self-love for oneself, the two qualities I need as a woman to go far. My mother often says her desire to name me Sierra was associated with the sunrise from the mountains. It was a ray of hope just as we see the sun rise in the morning.

Si, the nickname a few friends have adopted. It makes it easier for them which is also a cute nickname. The sound of my name is that of class. Just by the pronunciation, you can feel the strength it bears on one’s mouth. At school most of my friends actually love my name with several already borrowing the idea to use the name on their future children. At no point in my life have I encountered a human in my life who was not happy with my name. The name gives me an identity that is quite unique around. A name that oozes with lots of confidence and self-love for oneself, the two qualities I need as a woman to go far.

I would never want to change my name. This is one thing that gives me an identity. If a Sierra is called out I stand out confidently without hesitating. It’s a cute name that has a cute story, yet a powerful message on its origin. My name has not really earned me any favors or different treatment, only thing is compliment from most friends as well as strangers who find my name intriguing. The best feeling in the world would be getting good compliments about one’s self, and this case applies to my name. Any positive comment made on my name has helped me build my self-esteem and love for myself.

Cite and release outline

Cite and release outline

Introduction

It is a directive issued by law enforcement to issue quotations, tickets, and notices for certain minor offenses rather than arrests.

Permissible but not required under current state law.

One receives is summoned to come to a particular venue to pay the fine.

A warning is provided.

Texas came up with this initiative almost one decade ago.

The accused are put on summons.

Cities The late nineteenth century showed a marked change in the social geography of cities.

Name:

Course:

Professor:

Date:

Cities

The late nineteenth century showed a marked change in the social geography of cities. Before that, most Americans lived in rural areas where they mainly practiced farming. Between the year 1865 and the early twentieth century, the country experienced one of the most significant immigration in history. About twenty-five million people moved into the United States with the majority of them coming from Europe (Mauk & Oakland). Most of these immigrants settled in the cities, further swelling the numbers. At the start of the twentieth century, the country had more people living in urban areas than in rural areas. The Industrial Revolution is the main reason for mass migration into the cities.

Many people moved to the cities in search of employment opportunities to be found in industries concentrated in urban areas. Some of the industries at the time included the clothing industry powered by the cotton gin, locomotives steamboats, and the telegraphs. Technology also grew fast at that time, leading to rapid growth in the telephone, automobile, and assembly industries. The city thus promised a life of prosperity compared to farming in rural areas. Many people found a steady job in the newly mechanized industries and thus they could afford to fend for their families. The wealthy also set up businesses and homes in the cities. Aside from the financial gains that came with moving to the cities, there was also a lot of diversity and vibrant life. Many of those living in the cities were immigrants from other countries and regions; hence, the cities became a melting point of cultures. People could meet to experience different cultures and activities foreign to them.

Despite the rosy picture that urban life presented to many Americans, there were many challenges in the cities. The poor and the rich lived very different lives, starting from the neighborhoods, social amenities, security, among others. New York City was the largest American city, with a population of roughly three million people at the end of the nineteenth century. The city had many activities, such as industries, finance, trade, and shipping. The very wealthy set up their homes in neighborhoods such as Fifth Avenue, while the poor thronged the Lower East Side (Mauk & Oakland). Conditions in the poverty-stricken neighborhood were appalling, with poor sanitation, lack of clean water, tiny rooms, and inadequate garbage disposal. The situation was the same in the poor neighborhood of the Near West Side in Chicago, the second-largest city after New York.

The mob bosses were the leaders of organized crime in the cities. They led gangs that terrorized the cities’ residents, and some of them enjoyed protection from the politicians and the wealthy in society. The cult of domesticity refers to the notion that women were meant to be homemakers while the men were the breadwinners. This idea developed in the nineteenth century, where the women had little say outside of the home and the family. Some of the principles underlying this cult of domesticity include submissiveness, piety, domesticity, and purity. Studies into life in nineteenth-century America are quite intriguing and led to many reforms in the social, economic, and political spheres to make the country what it is today.

Works Cited

Mauk, David, and John Oakland. American civilization: an introduction. Routledge, 2017.

My native language English

Name

Professor

Course

Date

My native language English

In the past we have had some languages gaining good number of speakers while same, the number of speakers reduce. My native language is English. I have known and spoken English till birth and all my lessons I take in English. There are about 335 million people speaking English globally. This is great number and constitutes more than 7% of the entire world.

It has been funny people from different accents speaking in English. I have watched different international meetings where for example Chinse tries to communicate in English. It is funny, it is laughable, it is comic. The way he pronounces the words, plus the word connections makes it very clear that he is not a native speaker of English. I can say that is fun but people have to tolerate international speakers since they are not the native speakers.

I have been in situations where people speak a language I do not understand. Some scenarios can be categorized as bad. Finding myself between Chinese, then they start speaking in their own language was not a good scene for me. The scene was demoralizing and confusing.

Global relations are very essential for better understanding of other people with cultural diversity. This goes to include being reliable in communicating with people of other cultures. At the organizational level this is very important because it allows individuals from diverse cultures to work together for achievement of a common objective. This necessitates that the individual at the organizational level and the organization as a whole develop a particular model for gathering the skills needed to overcome and deal with all the challenges that come with cultural diversity.it also through the global relations that people from other nations are able to work in other countries.

My native language is Arabic

Name

Professor

Course

Date

My native language

My native language is Arabic. According to the statistics of 2007, globally, about 280 Million people speak Arabic. This constitutes 4.23% of the world population by then. It can be noted that the language has spread to other nations. Nowadays, even other nations do teach Arabic and have it in their curriculums. One factor that has resulted to rapid speared is that its Islamic language and wherever Islam is, they normally speak Arabic. The intermarriage, intercultural, and globalisation has also spread the Arabic language speakers to other nations and territories.

It is funny when other people from other nations speak Arabic. The accent quickly notifies one that he is not Arabic and has just learned the language. What makes the difference is the pronouncing and the speed. International speakers know the sequence of words, and the logics of sentence formation but make pronunciation errors. At times, it is interesting listening to them. The accent not only comes with mimic, but it becomes comedic.

At one time I was corned in a place where everyone speaks their language, something I could not understand. This was when I went to an office, and as I wanted, a discussion in a foreign language took place. I felt out of place and humiliated. I was not sure if they were talking about me or their things.

The global relations have done a great deal in shaping the inter-cultural differences. The language barriers and isolations in other nations have also been bridged. The impact of globalization and the ensuing increase in multinational organizations have necessitated intermingling of people of diverse cultural origin and orientation. These coupled with the interactions at the place of work brings a special blend of challenges organizations face in the bid to achieve effectual communication within the organization amongst employees or between the organization and customers. Nowadays one feels free to travel to remote areas where he could have never gone without globalization.

Circular Dichroism of Globular Proteins

Circular Dichroism of Globular Proteins

Name of Student

Institutional Affiliation

Experiment 2: Circular Dichroism of Globular Proteins

Results

b. Myoglobin Far UV

C Con A far UV

D Myoglobin near UV

E. Lysozyme near UV

F. Con A near UV

G. Week 2 Spectra 1

H. Week 2 Spectra 2

2. Qualitative comparison of CD spectra for Proteins with Different structures

Protein Minimum (nm) Minimum (nm) Maximum (nm)

Lysozyme 207.4 207.5 191.5

Myoglobin 222.2 222.1 193

Concanavalin A 224.1 195.7

3. For the lysozyme, the type of secondary structure that dominates is the – -structure because it has a double minimum at 207.4 and 207.5 and a strong maximum at 191.5. It is, therefore, a – -helical protein.

For the Myoglobin, the type of secondary structure that dominates is also the – – structure because it has a double minimum at 222.2 and 222.1 and a stronger maximum at 193. The type of secondary structure that dominates in this type of protein is the -helical structure of the protein.

For the Concanavalin A, the type of secondary structure that dominates is predominantly -Sheet protein because it has an intensity that is lower than the -helical proteins. It has a single minimum of 224.1. The type of secondary structure that dominates is the -structure of the protein.

4. The differences between the values of the recorded spectral minimum and the expected ones are small considering they fall in the range of the minimum for the different types of proteins. The differences are therefore minimum.

5. The far-UV spectra are within the range of values as those in the paper. It is very similar to the one in the paper. The process was therefore highly accurate and consistent to those of the actual data.

6. The near –UV spectra for lysozyme, myoglobin and concanavalin are similar in many forms. The three spectra have similar trends over the different wavelengths.It therefore means that they show similar properties in the near-UV region as evidenced by the shape of their overlay spectra. However, the difference comes in in the specific molar ellipticity values. They share similar trends.

7. From an analysis of the three-dimensional structures of the proteins at first glance, the number of Trp is 3 while the Tyr is 2. On the other hand, the Phe’s are 3 in number. The number of disulphide bonds, on the other hand, is 4.

8. Associated inhibition mechanisms in the buffered solution greatly cause the yielding of completely different results. The buffer solution greatly affects the absorbance of the protein complexes. This is because the amino acid sequence is altered or enhanced to an extent. Signals in the near UV are caused by the absorption of the aromatic amino acids. Changing the environment significantly affects the structure of the bonds. The spectra of the complexes are virtually different in the buffered solution because it affects the absorption spectrum.

9. The protein is unstructured and flexible in the solution form. On addition of the higher TFE, the protein becomes increasingly unstructured. It increases the flexibility of the protein and the formation of a helix-like complex. TFE is a structure inducing solvent. It, therefore, leads to the formation of a stable structure due to the effects of secondary stabilization.

Discussion

Proteins have secondary structures which can be determined by a range of methods. Circular dichroism spectra is a good method of determining the secondary structure of proteins. The Alpha-helical, beta-structural, beta-bends and other irregular regions in proteins are determined by experiment to show the different spectra. The three proteins were used extensively as the reference proteins using the near and far-UV characteristics. The experiment was effective at giving a pedagogical advantage since the methods that were used provided more details about the protein structures using the spectroscopic methods. The position of the maximum and minimum peaks is a good indication of the type of protein structure that is predominant in the protein complex. The amplification of the peaks shows that the UV-spectra obtained is concentration dependent. Coincidentally, lysozyme is a protein that is involved in many enzyme activities in the body like the natural defence against bacteria in the intestine of an organism. This interaction was confirmed in the far-UV spectrum as observed in the enzyme activity. Through accurate and flexible analysis, it is easier to determine the secondary structure of the proteins (Sreerama and woody, 2000).

Variation in the biological function of many proteins plays a significant role in medicine and sterilization. Organic solvents stabilize the secondary structure of proteins. Secondary transitions are easily observable in the far-UV of between 190 and 250mm. The concentration of the TFE causes a significant change in the conformation and structure of a protein. Noticeable changes in the secondary structure are observed consequently leading to a loss in the enzymatic activity. The results which are based on the molar Ellipticity are based on a mean molecular weight which is residual in degrees of wavelength (Greenfield, 2006).

Circular dichroism greatly depends on the secondary structure of proteins and polypeptides. CD is a light absorption spectroscopy type that effectively measures the absorbance of light. CD spectra that range between 260 and 180 are effective and can be analyzed by the different secondary structure types which are an alpha helix, parallel and anti-parallel. Dichroism is defined as the different absorption of radiation that has been polarized in different directions as a function of frequency or intensity. In the case of this experiment, it was circular dichroism because of the use of circularly polarized light. Ellipticity was used as the unit of circular dichroism (Johnson, 1999).

CD is used to measure the secondary structure of the proteins and polypeptides. However, the major disadvantage of the method is that it lacked a standard reference. CD effectively determines the secondary structure of protein elements like the alpha-helix and beta sheet. The CD spectra in the far-UV are used to predict the percentage of the secondary element in the protein structure.

References

Greenfield, N. J. (2006). Using circular dichroism spectra to estimate protein secondary structure. Nature protocols, 1(6), 2876.

Johnson, W. C. (1999). Analyzing protein circular dichroism spectra for accurate secondary structures. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 35(3), 307-312.

Sreerama, N., & Woody, R. W. (2000). Estimation of protein secondary structure from circular dichroism spectra: comparison of CONTIN, SELCON, and CDSSTR methods with an expanded reference set. Analytical biochemistry, 287(2), 252-260.