Category: Uncategorized

Flexible And Adaptive Leadership

Definition:

Adaptive and flexible leadership is described as a visionary leadership that is tangible and has got the capacity to understand and accommodate changing situations. This type of leadership also includes a quality to adjust to the requirement of a particular moment (Grashow & Abadian 2009) According to Yukl (2002) an adaptive and a flexible leader is one who adapts his or her behavior towards the changing situations and finding an appropriate balance for the tradeoffs and competing demands. He goes on to say that a flexible and adaptive leader at all levels can improve the determinants of institutional performance. These performances include: efficiency, innovation, adaptation, process reliability and human resource and relations. As indicated by Gennard and Judge (2005), adaptive and flexible leadership also enables managers of institutions to effectively take action against external threats and opportunities that might arise. Such external threats and opportunities may arise from technological changes, opponents’ actions, and customers’ anticipation along with economic conditions.

What constitutes adaptive and flexible leadership?

Adaptive and flexible leadership constitutes two main processes, which are diagnosis and action. These two processes spread out in two dimensions. That is, organizations or social system where one operates. First, manager diagnoses what is happening in the institution then he takes action to address the problem that has been identified. The manager does the process of diagnosis and action by first collecting the data and then problem then problem identification. Then he goes through an interpretation stage and finally he gives a potential approach to the problem through actions and series of intervention in the institution (Grashow & Abadian 2009).

Apart from the two main processes, adaptive and flexible leadership also constitutes of tactical and strategic managers who have got the responsibilities to device long term tactical goals for the institution. An institution is more likely to thriving when operated efficiently and reliably. Such institution will produce goods and services that impress the customers due to high levels of skills and commitment among the employees (Yukl 2002).

What constitutes effective employee relationship formation?

A successful employee relation in an institution is determined by the level of human resource and relations. Member’s knowledge, technical expertise, motivation and commitment to the institution are what constitute human resource and relations. Effective human resource management always guarantees employee relationship formation. This factor is what contributes to highly motivated employees. Institutions that regard human resource and relations as their first priority are likely to have effective programs that will help in facilitation, development and application of skills among the employees. A flexible and adaptive leader will have a strong impact on the quality of human relations in an institution. He is vital in hiring motivated people and gives them a chance to apply their ideas and skills in their jobs. Such a manager will also involve the employees in decision making. When an employ takes part in decision making in an institution, he feels his ideas are valued and can make the difference. This will motivate employees to work hard for the institution (Yukl, 2002).

A good human resource management will as well motivate its employees by setting up suitable remuneration schemes and provision of benefits to its employees. These benefits may include: entertainment benefits, employ social benefits and freedom of expression along other non-financial remunerations. Managers have proven to be the key players in the success of an institution. Because of this, only an adaptive and flexible manager will constitute the formation of a successful employ relation in an institution (Price, 2011).

What are some of the strategic, production and human resource adaptive and leadership strategies that can enhance effective employee-relationship formation at BHP-Biliton?

Strategic adaptive and leadership strategies.

Adaptive leadership will include three leadership behaviors, namely efficiency, adaptation and human resources. These behaviors are distinguished by their main objective. The leadership behaviors include task oriented which enhances efficiency and process consistency. Change oriented behavior aids adaptation to external environment. The relations oriented behavior mainly boosts human resources and relations. The adaptive and flexible leadership enhances the employees to assist in management by adapting to its policies.

Human resource adaptive and flexible leadership

The exceptional potential of company employees is of great importance for the competence of the organization. Human resource adaptive and flexible leadership includes member knowledge, technical expertise, motivation of members and commitment to the organization’s mission. Improvement and stimulation of organization’s human resource adaptive and flexible leadership have a positive impact on business results. Organizations that observe human resource adaptive and flexible leadership with precedence encourages development and use of employee skills.

Production adaptive and flexible leadership

In organizations with production adaptive and flexible leadership there is increased and high quality production. High and quality production leads to the expansion of an organization. Production managers should always pay attention to their staff so as to know the performance of the production. New ideas and suggestions should be encouraged to maximize production.

References

Gennard, J., & Judge, G 2009, Employee relations, 2nd edn. London: Institute of Personnel and Development.

Grashow, A., & Abadian, R 2009, practice of adaptive leadership, London: Harvard business press.

Obolensky, N 2010,Complex adaptive leadership embracing paradox and uncertainty, Farnham, Surrey: Gower.

Yukl, G. A 2002 Leadership in organizations 5th edn. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Price, A. 2011, Human resource management,Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA.

Fiscal Policy

Student’s Name

Institution

Fiscal Policy

Fiscal Policy is the regulated variation that a government can employ to its taxation and spending systems so to stabilize economic activities and manipulate the Aggregate Demand (AD) within its borders. In other words, it is the manipulation of the gap between spending and taxation to impact on the macroeconomic conditions. The concept is an important governance tool that determines the economic prowess of a country and directly affects other policies like economic integration and even the levels of industrial growth. It also significantly factors into concepts like the GDP and National Income. Countries that enjoy economic stability have strong fiscal policies (Cottarelli, Gerson & Senhadji, 2014).

How Governments use Fiscal Policies

Inflationary gaps that determine the rate of economic growth within a country can get controlled through contractionary application of fiscal policies. In so doing, a government would reduce the level of spending within the borders and, as a result, curb the rates of economic growth. Contractionary fiscal policies get effected through strategies that may include an increase in taxation levels that deprives citizens of their spendthrift demands. As the consumers demand less of the products and services, the aggregate demand curve drops (Cottarelli, Gerson & Senhadji, 2014). Alternatively, a government can reduce its spending rates and factor into the issue implementation of monetary policies that limit the circulation of money. Such duties are always the deliberations of the Central Banks.Loading…Loading…Loading…Loading…

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The other significant use of fiscal policy is its projection to reduce the rates of economic recession. Strategies that get used in such cases target to improve the spending capacities of the citizens. For instance, alterations may be made to reduce the taxation levels and place more money at the citizens’ disposal for spending. Alternatively, a government may seek to improve the infrastructural capacities of the country as it targets to create employment opportunities. Such adoptions of the policy always get controlled because too much spending can instead spur inflation rates. When applied in this sense that elevates the demand curve, the concept is termed as expansionary fiscal policy. Controlling the rates of recession should be inspired to create a permanent increased demand for products. Otherwise, strategies that are reputed to serve only on a temporal basis can either render the economy static or have no impact at all (Cottarelli, Gerson & Senhadji, 2014).

Conclusion

The significance of fiscal policies is eminent as governments have used them to inspire business cycles to stability and also to manipulate the rates of interests. Fiscal policies define the drastic measures that are taken by governments in their aspirations to ensure economic stability and maintain or even improve their competitive edge in international businesses. Though it has its ills as well, it has been the tremendous mark of difference between the strong economies and the weaker ones. The way the policies impact on the stability of a country by dictating directions for its economic growth depend on several other factors inclusive of administrative and legislative influences. Restoration of an economy is an evolutionary process and, therefore, the application of a fiscal policy may take time to exhibit positive signs. Nonetheless, the efficiency of an applied policy would only be pragmatic if the past government’s projections have had positive hallmarks. For instance, a tax cut cannot inspire spending wholesomely if previous actions by the government indicate a tendency to implement only makeshift cuts.

Reference

Cottarelli, C., Gerson, P. R., & Senhadji, A. (2014). Post-crisis fiscal policy.

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Flexible Citation

This article examines three reference sources which I used in my previous research essays about Griselda Blanco de Trujillo and women in the drug trafficking business.

Ethan Brown of Maxim magazine does not acknowledge any sources in his articles about Griselda Brown, either formally or informally. The writer does not use any formal citation method and the paragraphs seem to just flow with the story rather than follow a particular distinct pattern. Many magazine columnists tend to follow this writing approach by assuming that interested readers will definitely find many sources by searching certain topics on the web. This approach is effective to some extend since majority of the readers are not very keen on the citations.

In his article “Godmother of cocaine gunned down in Colombia”, Lee Ferran of ABC news does acknowledge all his sources. He does it in an informal but effective way by using both hyperlinks and mentioning his sources in sentences. Lee must have been aware of the consequences of plagiarizing material hence using this approach. This approach saves a lot of space as well since there is no need for a bibliography. The method is effective in the sense that many readers prefer to click on a link than go through a bibliography and type long URL’s in their browser. Another writer who does not cite or acknowledge her sources is Hariette Surovell in her article “Queenpins of the Cali Cartel”. The article does not conform to any specific citation technique as well. It looks more of a blog post thus explaining why Harriet did not follow any citation technique. This technique is in a way effective since at the end of the post Harriet states that she is from the U.S library of congress. This maybe explains her source of information. Works Cited

Brown, Ethan. “Searching for the GODMOTHER.” ethan-brown. Maxim. Jul. 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2012.

Ferran, Lee. “’Godmother of Cocaine’ Gunned Down in Colombia: Reports.” news.yahoo. abc News. 4 Sep. 2012. Web 7 November 2012.

Surovell, Hariette. “Queenpins of the Cali Cartel.” corpse.org. Exquisite Corpse. 2000. Web. 7 Nov. 2012.

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Fiscal Policy

Introduction

Fiscal policy entails controlling government spending and tax regime by a central government. This is utilized in stabilization of business cycles, reduction of unemployment and inflation, and encouraging economic growth. In the US, fiscal policy is principally implemented at the federal level via acts of Congress as well as presidential actions. However, local governments and state also implement fiscal policies to stabilize their domestic local macro-economies. In the government sector, there are three optional tools in the employment of fiscal policy. These tools are government procurement, transfer payments, and taxation. A substitute to fiscal policy is the monetary policy. The fiscal policy is founded on the assumption that aggregate expenditures, particularly business investment, are the key sources of business-cycle volatility. The means of rectifying this instability is as a result realized via aggregate expenditures. The objective of fiscal policy is to influence aggregate expenditures, and consequently the macro-economy, directly through government procurement or indirectly through taxation and transfer payments.

US FISCAL POLICY

In regard to the U.S. fiscal policy, the sluggish pace of economic recovery and fragile job creation, in spite of the broad margin of surplus capacity, argues for sustaining supportive fiscal and monetary policies in the near term. In reality, the expansionary fiscal policy played a vital role in forestalling a deeper recession in the U.S. In reference to IMF analysis, the fiscal measures contribution to GDP growth was approximately 2% points in 2009 and an additional one percentage point in 2010. In the same period, the public held federal debt rose from approximately 36% of GDP in 2007 to approximately 62% of GDP in 2010. In the absence of remedial measures, and considering fundamental fiscal pressures predating the predicament, debt might reach approximately 95% of GDP by 2020. In the absence of policy adjustments, consequently the debt would continue rising (Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release, 1/27/12). It is in this perspective that, the necessity for urgent measures to secure medium-range fiscal sustainability appear to be patently obvious.

Current GDP Growth in the US Economy. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) advance estimate, the real GDP, meaning the output of services and goods produced by property and labor in the US, increased at a yearly rate of 2.8% in the last quarter of 2011. In the third quarter, the real GDP had increased 1.8%. Increase in real GDP in the last quarter of 2011 depicted positive contributions from personal consumption expenditures (PCE), private inventory investment, exports, nonresidential fixed investment, and residential fixed investment that were partially counterbalanced by negative contributions from spending by the federal government, local government, and state (Congressional Budget Office, 3/2011).

Current State of Inflation in the US Economy. Inflation is not likely to be a major predicament in the US economy. Inflation has risen considerably in 2011, but there is a strong likelihood that the trend is improbable to persist. In 2010, the US economy experienced remarkably low inflation, but in the previous 6 months, it experienced an inflation rate of over 2%. There are three elements of foundational inflation that have imbalanced the rate of inflation to be greater than the Federal Reserve Bank’s long-range target. These elements include rent, automobiles, and the prices of apparels (Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release, 1/27/12).

Current State of Job Creation in the US Economy. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics alleges that, payroll employment in the nonfarm sector rose by approximately 200,000 in December 2011, and the rate of unemployment continued trending down at 8.5%. There have been some job gains in warehousing and transportation, retail trade, health care, mining, and manufacturing. For almost a year, the US economy has consistently experienced higher net new job creation rates than in the initial two years following the global economic recession. However, the current job creation rate is still at 50 of the +26 score found, when the country was technically in a depression (Alex Adrianson, NYT, 9/16/10).

The Existing Budget Situation. The US is currently experiencing deep economic and budgetary challenges. In contrast to the President’s budget estimates, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline estimates largely mirror the postulation that current taxation and spending laws would remain unaffected. Under that supposition, CBO anticipates that, for the 2012 to 2021 period, there would be a cumulative deficit in the economy totaling to $6.7 trillion. CBO’s estimates depict that, in 2012, the deficit in the President’s budget may decline to a total of $1.2 trillion, or 7.4% of GDP. That deficit is $83 billion larger than the deficit anticipated by CBO for 2012 in its present baseline. The deficits in subsequent years in regard to the President’s proposals may be lesser than the 2012 deficit, even though they may still add considerably to the federal debt. The deficit may to 4.1% of GDP by the year 2015, but enlarge in subsequent years, reaching 4.9% of GDP in the year 2021(Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release, 21/1/12).

Having come out from the recession, the President proposed a plan to restructure the economy. The 2012 Budget seeks to cut wasteful expenditure, while maintaining the investments requisite for job creation and economic growth. The budget targets limited federal resources, and proposes reforms how the government conducts its business. The fundamental facts in the budget include the following.

The Budget comprise above $1 trillion in reduction of deficit. Approximately 70% from cuts.

Non-security flexible expenditure freeze for five years would decrease the deficit by approximately $400 billion in the coming decade. (Congressional Budget Office, 3/2011).

Appropriate Fiscal Policies for the US Economy. The best fiscal policies for the US economy should address cuts to defense, entitlement, and domestic programs. Every one of the spending cuts would be suitable even if the government would be running deficits. Numerous federal programs diminish individual liberty and lead to economic distortions. In the event that these programs are cut, resources will flow from government related activities of low-return to private sector initiatives of higher-return. This section will illustrate how reductions in spending would eradicate the deficit of the federal budget over 10 years. It explains revenue and spending projections as a share of GDP in accordance with the 2011 Congressional Budget Office projections (Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release, 1/27/12).The projections in relation to revenues presume the extension of substitute minimum tax reprieve and revoking of the tax increase in the health care law of 2010. The projections for expenditure change the CBO baseline to embrace more pragmatic postulations in regard to troop reduction abroad, and Medicare extension.

In Figure 1 below, the bottom line illustrates that with tax relief, federal revenues are projected to increase to 18.0% of GDP by the year 2021. This is as the economy recuperates and takes up again regular growth. The line at the top illustrates President Obama’s projected spending in regard to his 2012 fiscal budget. Spending, as a component of the GDP, is projected to plunge the coming few years as financial support from the stimulus bill of 2009 dwindles out and expenditure on war plummets, but spending is estimated to begin rising again subsequently. The high spending course would bring about higher debt, higher taxes, or both.

(Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release, 1/27/12).

The line in the middle of the chart illustrates spending in the balanced budget draft. In this draft, expenditure cuts of above $1 trillion yearly by 2021 will be phased in approximately ten years. The cuts will create substantial savings in interest by 2021, and overall federal expenditure would plunge to 18.0% of GDP. This depicts an equivalent level in comparison to the federal revenues in 2021. With these cuts in place, the federal public debt would climax at 75% of GDP in 2013 and subsequently plunge to 64% of GDP by the year 2021.

The US should increase taxation in order to afford additional public goods, as is the case in Scandinavian countries. The tax revenues in the US are among the lowest, whereas it has one of the highest spending in government. This scenario depicts the budget predicament in the US economy. This anomaly must be corrected.

CONCLUSIONOfficial estimates show that, in the absence of reforms, federal expenditure will rise to above 40% of GDP by the year 2050 and higher subsequently. Local and state spending surpasses that, and consequently, the government would use more than 50% of the whole U.S. economy. Policymakers should institute the set of cuts presented in this paper, and subsequently pursue supplementary reforms including restructuring of Medicare.

Works Cited

Alex Adrianson. “Spending Cuts Are Good For the Economy”, The New York Times, 16 Sept 2010. Web. 31 Jan.2012.

Bureau of Economic Analysis. “News Release”, US Department of Commerce. 27 Jan. 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2012.

Congressional Budget Office.”Preliminary Analysis of the President’s Budget for 2012”, Congressional Budget Office, March 2011. Web.31 Jan. 2012.

Flexible work places

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454772” Executive summary 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454773” Introduction2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454774” Barriers to flexible work Places 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454775” Benefits of Flexible Work Places4-5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454776” Strategies of Enhancing Flexible Work Places5-6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454777” Reccomendations 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc268454779” Bibliographies 8

Executive Summary

Flexible workplaces are getting more difficult to describe due to their more noticeable nature. Present surplus labor force, along with globalization, technological expansions, ageing labor force, new workplaces values and workplace diversity has transformed employers’ mindset on the issue of flexibility at the workplaces. Various barriers affect the existence of flexible work places such as Attitudinal Behaviors on Employees, fear of leadership and problems of organizational systems. However the establishment of flexible work places has benefits both for the employees and the organization if suitable strategies such as motivation, promotion of team building are adopted at the work place.

Introduction

Followers of flexible workplaces regard them as a more significant recognition of the many problems that many employees have in harmonizing between their respective families and work duties. Critics on the other hand tend to challenge this citing that their intentions are only meant to restore some past inequities within the work as well as the family life balance (Thomas-Jones, 2006, 67).

This report is intended to give an overview on the benefits and barriers of flexible workplaces as well as giving out appropriate recommendations.

Flexible workplace barriers

Attitudinal Behaviors on Employees

Ashforth (2002, 103) outlines that Issues of attitude of employees on various work approaches can be a hindrance. These are often based on mistaken beliefs such as whether the work approaches adopted might hinder their future careers for instance. The problem lying here is that organizations only transform if the employees too accept changes and this has to begin from the top level. Attitudinal behavior is therefore really hard to attain if there is no consensus within an organization particularly on issues related to the adoption of new work methods.

Fear on Leadership and Managerial Blocks

This is due to many organizations opting to remain as they were other than experiencing the challenges that they may face on adoption. Such organizations therefore do not accrue benefits of such methods of working in the long run (Ashley 2009, 122).

Organizational System Problems

This can be observed in cases where there are splits within the organization particularly in times where new working approaches are to be implemented. Resentments may come out mostly from the workers and this can act as a barrier to adoption. No amount of policy development, values declaration and systems implementation can transform an organization to one that solves issues between the management and employees (Ashley, 2009, 123).

Flexible workplace benefits

Improved Balance between Work and Home Life

Flexibility at the workplace offers many benefits to members of the organizations in terms of work and home life balance. This is brought out as a result of the increased control over when their various duties are completed. Employees are therefore free to choose to work at their own timings in the evening as well as spending enough time with their children during the afternoon hours (Christine & Diane, 2000, 210-212).

They are also able to avoid disruptions related to the office environment. The main objective in the flexible work arrangements favors this a lot since it is often tailored to making sure that the work is conducted or done in the most efficient way in addition to being done at the most effective location. Flexible work places could be homes as well as satellite offices (Christine & Diane, 2000, 210-212).

Increased Productivity

Flexibility approach within the organization allows for transformations that restructures as well as giving out well-built analysis of the various organizational issues. This means the organization gets a three-dimensional look of its future or having a vision; a vision that encourages creativity as well as the drive to act as an employee and therefore assists developing a road map to get achievable steps towards the goals.

Productivity level of the organization therefore rises since everyone within the organization is his or her own driver working to attain the similar goals. It also cuts across diversity other than being three-dimensional. Their is diversity since flexible work places disregard language as well as cultural barriers in its operations. This allows a varied labor force to be involved in the culture transformation process more easily. Leaders who undertake this approach also provide the essential resources adding up to the motivation; this in itself is an innovation that makes it possible for transformations hence a prolonged flexible workplace (Maitland, 2009, 45).

Promote Team Building

Flexible work places employ a structured type of both part-time works together with other work models. They always have an equal split though it is not always the available option. Some employers also ensure that their employees have not more than one day in common. This enable employees share out vital and concise information about the current issues and tasks. Team work is built through these interactions.

Flexible workplace strategies

Motivation

Management duties should mainly be centered on motivation, team work as well as creating a good working environment for all the employees. Employees work well when they are well motivated in addition to when they are most productive. Motivation therefore acts as a strategy that revolves around flexible work places. It has a role of encouraging employees in addition to promoting productivity. Motivations not only care for the employees’ but also bond the relations between the workers and employers. Better jobs are not easy to find and therefore such workplaces make and maintain loyal employees who working with an objective towards a shared obligation (Ashforth, 2002, 104).

Promote Team Building

Team work should be emphasized by the employers as a strategy within the flexible work places. This should be promoted between all the employees whether on-site or off-site. This can be made possible through involving them in shared activities such as training or special meals while providing unusual office coverage to make them aware of the realities of the workplace. This eventually acts as a forum for team building and productivity increment (Maitland, 2009, 45).

Appropriate and Occasional Orientation

The employer should make certain that the employees despite of their locations of work are equally directed so that they are all pulling together towards the same organizational goal. This should involve, for instance, keeping in mind the off-site employees making sure that they access training as well as promotion opportunities. Such opportunities are of great significance to every employee irrespective of their working localities (Thomas-Jones, 2006, 45).

Recommendation

Organizational success comes from an incorporation of focused dedications by all the members of an organization. Motivation in this case acts as the backbone that forms a road map towards the success.

Motivation develops various organizational workplaces coming up with environments that encourage employees for this reason fostering their productivity levels. Other than improving the morale of the employees, motivation also makes stronger the relationship between the respective employers and the employees.

In general, motivation provides a well balanced picture between the work, employees and their employers and as a result plays a significant role towards any organizational success.

Bibliographies

Ashley, A, 2009, Five Barriers to Workplace Flexibility, Ezine Articles. 122-125

Ashforth, B.E, 2002, The Flexible Workplace: A Sourcebook of Information and Research, Personnel publications, Arizona State University, 102-105.

Christine, A and Diane, Z, 2000, The Flexible Workplace: A Sourcebook of Information and Research, Westport.200-212

Maitland, A, 2009, The Advantages of Having a Flexible Workplace, Article from The Times and the Sunday Times Archives, Times Newspaper Limited, London. P.45.

Thomas-Jones, A, 2006, Flexible Workplaces, Oxford Press, London p 67.

RUNNING HEAD: FISCAL POLICY

BC’s Action Plan

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31st March, 2011

Introduction

Fiscal policy refers to the use of taxes, transfers by the government or the purchases of goods as well as services in order to get a shift in the aggregate demand curve. They include expansionary fiscal policy which increases the aggregate demand and closes the gap caused by recession and the contractionary fiscal policy which decreases the aggregate demand and eliminates gaps caused by inflation.

Fiscal Policy, Taxes, Transfers and Economy

After the identification of the recessionary or inflationary gaps a government is required to develop and implement an action plan; processes that take time. The fiscal policy in a particular country economy has a multiplier effect where the expansionary fiscal policy increases the GDP while the contractionary has a converse effect on GDP. There is a larger multiplier on changes resulting from purchases by the government than those in taxes or transfers since part of the latter is absorbed by savings. Therefore a more powerful effect on the economy is created by changes in purchases by the government than similar changes in taxes and transfers. The size of the multiplier and the size of business cycle fluctuations can be reduced by some rules that govern taxes and transfers which act as automatic stabilizers. With relation to budget balance, discretionary expansionary fiscal policies cause a decrease by making budget surplus smaller or a bigger budget deficit while on the converse contractionary fiscal policies result in an increase that is a bigger budget surplus or a smaller budget deficit. For example, an increase in government purchases of goods and services, higher government transfers or lowered taxes for the former and vice versa for the latter (Krugman, Wells and Myatt, 2006).

Due to the effects of that the business cycle has on budget balance fluctuations, there is need for the government to make an estimate on the budget balance that is cyclically adjusted so as to separate them from those caused by the discretionary fiscal policy. The budget balance rises and moves towards deficit during recessions while it falls and moves towards its surplus throughout expansions.

Since the accounting of government budget is calculated based on fiscal years deficits have long term effects as they increase public debt. Rising government debt may cause a big problem since they crowd out investment spending which cause a reduction in the long term economic growth. It also may lead to government default causing turmoil in both the economy and finance.

Fiscal health can be measured by the ratio of debt to GDP. Although implicit liabilities may not be part of the normal debt statistics, they are a debt effectively because they are the government made spending promises.

Action Plan in BC

In British Columbia for example the government is aiming at reducing tax, supporting those who earn low income and protecting the people’s savings as a result of slowdown in the economy. This will be done through deferment of property tax payments for home owners with at least 15 % equity with another plan coming up for families that have children under the age of 18. This will include applied simple interest with non repayment of the deferred taxes till the homes are sold (British Columbia, 2010).

There are also low income taxes with low income earners not paying any income taxes at all. Some of them pay less with a decrease between 37 percent and 70 percent. In addition, tax credit of $105 and $31.50 are given to adults and children of low income earners respectively as support. For individuals earning of less than $20,000 credit of $ 230 will be offered. Other services will include new pension, additional options for seniors, savings security by insurance companies, rental help provided for seniors, small business and corporate income tax relief and rebate on industry tax (British Columbia, 2010).

References

British Columbia. (2010). B.C.’s Economic Plan to Support Families, Workers and Boost Productivity. Retrieved March 31, 2011, from British Columbia: http://www.gov.bc.ca/economic_plan/index.html

Krugman, P., Wells, R., & Myatt, A. (2006). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth.

Flexible Working Hours

Author

Institution

Introduction

Ahmad, A.R., Talha, M., Idris, M & Hashim, M.H (2013). A Study of Flexible Working Hours and Motivation. Journal of Asian Social Science. Vol 9, No 3

This paper aimed at investigating the relationship between the incorporation of flexible working hours and motivation of employees. The study outlined in the paper showed that flexible working hours have a direct relationship to employee motivation as it allows them to concentrate on varied roles in the competitive work environment today.

Peper, B., Doorne-Huiskes, J. ., & Dulk, L. (2005). Flexible working and organizational change: The integration of work and personal life. North Hampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

This book aims at examining the extent by which changes in nature of work and organizations fit in the necessity for integration between family life and work. It examines the dilemmas that future employees will face in advancing their careers and enhancing organization in their homes.

Zeytinoglu, I. U. (2003). Flexible work arrangements: Conceptualizations and international experiences. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

This book acknowledges the elimination of the old standards pertaining to fixed locations and hours with employers preferring flexible work arrangements that come with more control over the task assignment, economic circumstances and rate of production. It presents the impact of flexible work arrangements on employee wellbeing, family, health, career, workplace and the society at large.

Stredwick, J., Ellis, S., & Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2005). Flexible working. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

This book questions the obsession of employers with regular working hours while most talented and capable potential employees are unable to work for fixed time durations. It acknowledges that flexible working hours allows entities to respond troughs and peaks in demands cost effectively, not to mention attracting and retaining productive staff.

Avery, C., & Zabel, D. (2001). The flexible workplace: A sourcebook of information and research. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.

This book examines the flexible work concept and traces the growth and origin of the concept while reviewing research pertaining to varied flexible work arrangements. It presents examples on companies in varied parts of the world that have adopted the concept and identifies sectors that need to incorporate the concept.

Reilly, P. A. (2001). Flexibility at work: Balancing the interests of employer and employee. Aldershotd: Gower.

This book underlines the benefits pertaining to flexible working arrangements while examining the needs of employees and employers. It shows how mutual flexibility can be developed, as well as the preconditions for the success of such arrangement. He acknowledges that flexible working arrangements would improve service and quality, lower cost, increase productivity, and meet supply needs and hedge against change.

References

Ahmad, A.R., Talha, M., Idris, M & Hashim, M.H (2013). A Study of Flexible Working Hours and Motivation. Journal of Asian Social Science. Vol 9, No 3

Peper, B., Doorne-Huiskes, J. ., & Dulk, L. (2005). Flexible working and organisational change: The integration of work and personal life. North Hampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

Zeytinoglu, I. U. (2003). Flexible work arrangements: Conceptualizations and international experiences. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Stredwick, J., Ellis, S., & Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. (2005). Flexible working. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

Avery, C., & Zabel, D. (2001). The flexible workplace: A sourcebook of information and research. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books.

Reilly, P. A. (2001). Flexibility at work: Balancing the interests of employer and employee. Aldershotd: Gower.

NameProfessorCourseDateNature of GovernmentsWeek 6-6Fisher Ames, the Mire of Democracy (1805), in CAPCT, Vol.I, pp. 755-756whydoes Ames thinkdemocraciesfail?Whatconditions are necessary, according to Ames, forpeople to be free?Why is itthathebelievesdemocracywill, veryrapidly, result in a loss of freedomforthepeople?According to fisher ames, democracy is a failand a letdown to thefreedom of thepeople in a number of ways. Heusesthecase of flattery to defineandexplain his reasons behind thisstand on democracy. Heusesthescenario of a manwhobelievesthat his intelligence, knowledge, andskillentertainandpleases his peopleonlybecausetheyfolloworpretend to agree with his policies. Fisher believesthatpeople will followorfallsfor an ideaorplaniftheythinkthey will benefit from suchadventures. By doingthis, theyflatterthepersonorleaderwhobelievesthattheyfollow him because; his ideas are fortheinterest of allpeople. Democracy is therule of themajoritywherethose with numbershave an advantage over those with fewernumbers. Fisher usesthisbasis of democracy to disputethatdemocracy is a form of freedom. Hebelievesthatthose with highnumbers may not havethegood will of everyone in society. Heconcludesthat is not onlydangerous to thefreedom of allbut can also be used as a tool of revenge against people with divergentopinions. Hearguesthatthemajority may takeadvantage of their numbers to settle a score with their enemiesorrivalsevenwhentheyknowthat their decision is not in thebestinterest of thepublic.Wrongleaders may land in powerjustbecausetheyenjoy a largefollowing. This may lead to embezzlement of publicfundsandotherpublicresources. Those in theseleadershippositions may alsousetheopportunity to sidelinethosewhodid not voteorselect them to thisleadershippositions. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Adams, October 28, 1813, in CAPCT, Vol. 1, pp. 742-743.This is Jefferson’s reply to Adams’ letter of September 2, 1813 (see above). Howdoesherespond to Adams’ criticism?In Thomas Jefferson’s responseletter, hecriticizes john Adams in a well-calculated manner without offendingorabusingthelater. Hedoes not criticizethepersonbut his opinionsorviews about aristocracy among men. Heagreesthataristocracyis practiced in thesociety, however, with theintroduction of gunpowder, thepoorandtheweakalso has a waydefending themselves from anyarm, which be inflicted on the them by therichandhigh in thesociety. Despite therichandthehighhavingaccess to othersophisticatedweapons, theintroduction of gunpowdergivestheweakandpoorsomesense of security in their lives. Forinstance, eventhepower can ownlicensedgunsorfirearmsforself-defensewhenfaced with anydanger in their lives. Hedisagrees with Adams on his view of aristocracy since hebelievesthatthenaturalaristocracy is themostpreciousgift of natureforinstructions, thegovernments, andthetrust of thesociety. Thisview on naturalaristocracy is divergent from that of Adams whodoes not believe in naturalaristocracy, butratherthemanmade from of aristocracywheretherichruleandthepoorserve. Theacknowledgesthefactthat their differencesare not based on personaldifferencesbutratherwellcalculatedopinionsandviews on thesamesubject. This is a professionalandethicalform of disagreementorcritic since at despite thedisagreementthese two are stillfriendsanddo not holdpersonalgrudges. In conclusion, Adams assuresthereadersthattheyjustexchanged their views on areaswheretheydiffer, andhehadnointention to causecontroversy whatsoever. He jokes thatboth of them are tooold to be willing to disruptthepeacefulcoexistence among thepeople. Week 5-7James Madison, A Candid State of Parties, in CAPCT, Vol.I, pp. 633-634Howdoes Madison characterizethedifference between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties? According to James Madison’s explanation, the three mainparties in America are based on differentideologies depending on differentfactors. Thesedifferences as discussed in thissection of theresearchwork. Italso highlights thefactors, which determinethenatureandthestructure of thesepoliticalparties. Thepoliticalpartiesincludethe federalist, democraticandtherepublicanparties. Thehistory of politicalparties in theunitedstates of America indicatesthatpoliticalparties in America wereformed based on two factors; ideologies of the British andthedesirefordemocracy by thepeople of theunitedstates of America. Those in support of theideologies of theunitedkingdomformedorare affiliated to a certainpartywhilethose with thedesire to realizethefullbenefits of thedemocracy of the American peoplealsobelongs to a rivalparty. Over a longtime, these two groupshavebeenlocked in thebattleforsupremacy, butthedemocratshavethenumbers unlike therepublicansonlyenjoysthefollowing of a fewpersons. The Republican Party is affiliated with thewealthyandtheelite in the United States of America whilethedemocratsare affiliated with themiddleclassandthepoor in the US. Thisexplainsthereason behind thelargepartyfollowers affiliated with thedemocratsandthefewfollowers affiliated with therepublicans. Theordinarypeople of the US believesthatthedemocratsshare in their grievanceshencethemassivesupportandfollowingtheyoffer to thepartywhiletherichbelievesthatthepolicies of therepublicans are for their benefitshence their support to theparty.Thisimpliesthattherepublicans’ party consists of thehighandpowerful in thesocietymakingiteasyfor them to manipulateorinfluencethesystem. Thomas Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia, Query 18-19, in CAPCT, Vol. I, pp. 354-355According to Jefferson, why is agriculturebetter than manufacturing? Why is slaverybad, in Jefferson’s judgment? Isslaveryworsefortheslave, orforthe slave-owner?In thisreading, Jefferson talks about three mainissues;agriculture, manufacturing, andslavery. Hebelievesthatagriculture is better than manufacturing; healsogives out his reasons against slaveryandpoints out thedangers of slaveryandtheparties negatively affected by thispractice. Jefferson’s arguesthatforeign European policiesare imposed on the American people without muchthought of consideration on thereasonsfor their practice in the European countries. Heusesthecase of manufacturingindustries in America; according to European countriesdo not havefertilelandforcultivationthisleaves them with theoption of manufacturing. This is not thesamecase in America, which possessesplenty of fertilelandforagriculturalpurposes; however, thisdoes not happendue to theinfluence of foreignpolicies in America. Jefferson believesthatthe European practicesmanufacturing as a necessityrather than an option since theydo not havefertileland to supportagriculturalactivities. On slavery, heuses biblical point of view to stand against its practice. Hearguesthatslavery is against libertyandequality as stipulated in the Christian doctrine. Hearguesthatit is unfairagreement, which ought to abolish in the United States. Jefferson aloarguesthatslavery is dangerous to masters since theslaves may revolt against their masterskilling them orphysicallyharming them in theprocess. This may not onlyaffectthepeacefulcoexistence of thesocietybut may sabotagetheeconomy of theunitedstates of America since themastersonly rely on thelaborprovided by slavesforproductionpurposes.It is from thispoint of viewthat Jefferson disagrees with thisinhumanpractice. Week 4Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 7, in CAPCT, Vol. I, pp. 456-458What is Hamilton afraid might happen to the United States in thefutureiftheproposedfederalconstitutionis not ratified? Thisessay is an implicitcriticism of the Articles of Confederation. Whatdoes Hamilton imply is wrong with the Articles? Isthiscriticismfair?According to Hamilton, thepeaceandeconomicdevelopment of thefuture of the United States of America greatly depends on theratification of theproposedfederallaws. Hamilton bases his critics on thearticles of confederation, which he terms as dangerous to theconstitution of the United States of America andthepeacefulcoexistence among thestates in the US.Thisarticletalk about amendments, which to be made in order to maintainpeace in the United States. However, despite thesechangesorappointments, chaos is likely to break out in the United States of America. itresult from thepossibilitythatthechangesortheappointments may favorsomestates at theexpense of others. Since thechangesrevolve around fundingthegovernment, states, which feelthattheyare burdened by the allocation orcontributionrequirements, may withhold their contributions from thetreasury. This may result in bitterness among thestates since theoncewhocontribute may decide not to dothesame in futurerequirements. It may alsolead to economic lockdown andcollapse of the American economy. Anyevent that negatively affectstheeconomy of America alsoaffectstheservicesthatthegovernmentoffers to its people. Forinstance, hospitals, policestations, civilservicesectors, andpublicoffices among otherorganizationsowned by thegovernmentwill be closed down blockingpeople from accessingsuchservices. Closure of thehospital may lead to unnecessaryloss of liveandthespreadandoutbreak of contagiousdiseases.

Differences among states in the US may alsolead to civilunrestorcivilwars, anddestruction of properties among othernegativeconsequences. America may also be vulnerable to terrorattacks during suchstates of lawlessnessandcivilunrest. Thisimpliesthatthepeaceandeconomicdevelopment of thefuture of the United States of America greatly depends on theratification of theproposedfederallaws.James Wilson, Speech on Ratification (1787), in CAPCT, Vol. 1, pp. 521-522Why, according to Wilson, is a Bill of Rights unnecessaryfortheproposedfederalconstitution?In his speech after beingelected to representthepeople, James Wilson, thankedthepeopleandassured them thathe will at alltimesrepresent their needs in thehouse of congress. Healsoexpresses his stand on theomission of thebill of rights in theproposedconstitution of the United States of America. Manypeople, leadersandthecitizens of the US feltthattheomission of thebill of rights in theproposed US constitutionwas catastrophic to thefreedomanddemocracy of thepeople of America. Theythoughtthatomittingthebill of right in theproposedconstitution would meanthatthegovernment would abuserights of thepeople. James Wilson did not sharethesameopinionconcerningthismatter since hebelievedthatthebill of rightsis stated in theconstitutions of thestates of the US. He supports his arguments by statingthattheconstitution of thestates, which makes up the US, outlinesthebill of rightswhiletheproposedconstitutionpreservesthesamebill of rights. Thisimpliesthateven with theomission of thebill of rights in theproposedconstitution, theconstitution of thestatesstillcontainsthebills of rights. Thismakesit redundant fortheproposedconstitution to havethesamebill of rights since itis charged with preservingtherights of thepeople of America.Week 3Samuel Adams, “Circular Letter” in CAPCT, Vol.I, pp. 197-199According to Adams, what is theproperrelationship between Parliament andthelegislatures of thevariouscolonies?Why is itinappropriatefor Parliament to taxthepeople of thecolonies?In manygovernmentstructures, thelegislatureandparliament is thesamebranch of thegovernmentcharged with themandate of makingthelawsandtherules of theland. In thesetting of the United Kingdom and its colonies, this is not thecase since parliament is thesupremelegislativebranch of thegovernmentrepresentingallthecolonieswhilethelegislatures are branches of thecolonykingdomoperating within thecolonies. Thisimpliesthatparliamentpossessmorepower than thelegislatures since itrepresentsthewholekingdom unlike thelegislatures, which onlyrepresentthecolonies. Parliamentdrawsitlegislativepowers from theconstitution. Thisimpliesthatgoing against theconstitution by theparliament may lead to its downfall. Theconstitution is thestrongestdocumentanykingdom, country, states, ororganizationallthepowers of anygovernmentare drawn from theconstitution.People from thecoloniespaytax to theparliament, according to Adams; this is inappropriatedue to thereasonsdiscussed in thissection of theresearchpaper. People from thecoloniesare not represented in theparliamentthismakesitinappropriatefortheparliament to taxpeople from thecolonies. By taxingthesepeople, parliamentviolates their sovereignty as thepeople of thecolonies.Theissuesaffectingpeople from thecoloniescannot be solved by the England’s parliament since theyneedlocalsolutionthismakesitunconstitutionalfortheparliament to tax them.Theparliament of England does not haveanyinterest in helpingthelocalpeople from her colonies; theyonlywant to solicitrevenue from them for its selfishambitions. Thisalsomakesitunconstitutionalfor them to collecttaxes from thelocalpeople from their colonies. John Adams, Clarendon, No. 3 (January 27, 1766), in CAPCT, Vol. 1, pp. 182-185Howdoes Adams describethe British Constitution? Doeshethinkthe British Constitution extends to thecolonies? Whydoeshethinkthe British Constitution is soadmirable?According to Adam’s description, the British constitution is thebestconstitutionanyleadership can offer to its people. Hecomparestheconstitution of British to thestate of nature. Thisimpliesthathebelievesthat with the British constitution, one is compelled to dogood from his or her innerspiritrather than theoutsidefactors.Hedefinesthe British constitution as a limitedmonarchyor a combination of three forms of governments. Thesebranches of thegovernmentare divided into legislation, the king/queen, the commons, andthecitizens. Thepowers of theconstitutionare divided into legislativepowerandtheexecutivepower. Thelegislativepowerslie with theparliamentwhosemainfunction is to amendandcreatethelaws. Parliamentdraws its powers from theconstitution of the United Kingdom. Anyattempt to act above thepowersgiven to it by theparliament may leaddissolution of theparliament. Theexecutive is thesecondmostpowerfulbranch of thegovernment; italsodraws its powers from theconstitution. Since thiskingdomis not ruled by thepresidentialsystem, theexecutivepowerslie with thepremier. The premier is alsothehead of theadministrationwhilethequeen of England is thehead of state. Adams admires thisconstitution since thebiggestportion of powerlies with thecitizenswhoelect their preferredleaders. Theyalsohavethepower to pass a vote of noconfidence against anyleaderwhodoes not represent their interest in their respectiveleadershippositions. It is thepowerbestowed on thepeople, which makethisconstitutionadmirable. Noorganorbranch of thegovernment has morepower than theotherdoes in thesettings of thisconstitution. Thisensuresthatallthebranches of thegovernmentkeeps a check of one another at alltimes. Forinstance, thelegislativekeepstheexecutive on thecheckandvice versa.

Flight Attendants and Dealing with Customer Service Issues In-flight

Flight attendants are basically trained personnel in the field of dealing with clients who are boarding planes to various destinations. Their major role is to ensure that the passengers, who in this case are the customers to specific airlines, are in comfortable hands and receive the best services and comfort possible. As opposed to other modes of transport, travelling by plane is confined to a smaller space with very short distance. This calls for maximum attention to the clients by the attendants to reduce any tension that may arise. We realize that when people are travelling, it is very likely that they are all from different areas, backgrounds and of varying characters. Similarly, they may need different kinds of attention and make varying demands to the attendants. Thus, to successfully ensure all the clients are satisfied by the end of the journey, (U. S Department of Labor, 2008) argues that they need to be sufficiently trained both academically and professionally to handle all sorts of people. This paper is aimed at exploring the customer needs when boarding a flight that begins from the ground to the end of the journey, thus efficiency of the ground attendants as well.

As discussed above, there are several issues that flight attendants need to be familiar with and well equipped to deal with in case they arise in the during the flight or before. This is because they are deliberately trained to facilitate the comfort of the passengers. Where solutions are not readily available, they are required to use due care and apply professional skill to provide a way out that will be satisfactory to the clients. Some of the customer services and situations that require their involvement include:

Ensuring Comfort for Anxious Customers

In an analysis of the requirements of flight attendants and the perceptions of customers regarding the same, Kossmann, (2006) stated that, “most customers perceive the onboard service provided as satisfactory and flight attendants as friendly, helpful and competent” (Pg 55). This is basically from the ground to the point where they get to their specific destinations. Due to the positive perception attached to the attendants, some passengers are quick to pass their anxiety over to them. They may have extraordinary demands and probably fear of the transportation mode especially for the first timers. Thus, it is the attendants’ obligation to ensure they are calmed down regardless of their response. They should maintain the friendly tone all along until they can ensure the passengers are comfortable.

Preparedness for the Clients

Waller, and Debbie, (2007) stated/argued that, “… the flight attendants need to tidy the cabin and prepare for landing” (Pg 23). Most customers, especially first timers may not be very familiar with the rules regarding landing. Thus, they may have many questions to avoid confusion at the time. However, the flight attendants are professionally trained to ensure they trust them and are comfortable enough to follow their lead. They similarly have to deal with distrusting and unsure clients who will be quite unsure of the process they are instructed to follow. Thus, they are required to appropriately prepare them and the designated path or route during landing so that it will not inconvenience the clients. It is therefore clear as argued by (Waller, and Debbie, 2007) that in their relationship with the clients and the course of service provision, preparedness is vital to ensure comfort.

Emergencies Such as Illnesses

It is clear that emergencies can occur at anytime regardless of the place and time. (U.S Department of Labor, 2008) is therefore very elaborate in stating that qualifications of the flight attendants both in and ground should entail good skills in handling emergencies. Though they should have a naturally friendly nature, they should be trained to handle situations that require diligence for professionalism.

For instance, where a client falls ill and needs immediate medical attention, it may be quite challenging since no doctor can be immediately availed when on air. Thus, basic medical training that includes first aid and curbing asthma should be known by the staff. Besides the requirements and obligations to serve them of edible staff, they should also treat this as a customer service. This adds to their major role which as previously discussed, is to ensure the comfort of the clients and knowledge on any necessary matters.

Conclusion

It has been undoubtedly proven that the flight attendants, whether flying or on the ground should be well equipped to deliver to the customers. Generally, the employees should be friendly, social and accommodating in nature before any training begins. This is because these aspects cannot be instilled but are considered inborn. With these in a person, the professional and academic training is offered so that they can be evaluated on their capability to handle different characters in people. Besides this, the flight attendants are the only employees who deal directly with the clients in matters regarding travelling. They therefore form an impression of the company/specific airline and their efficiency in offering services to the customers. Airlines can therefore not compromise in this field since it brands the firms. The most important fact however is for both the clients and attendants to know their place, rights and obligations for peaceful and professional relations.

Works Cited:

Kossmann, Mario. Delivering Excellent Service Quality in Aviation: A Practical Guide for Internal and External Service Providers. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. Print.

U. S Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2009. New York: Skyhorse hey Publishing, 2008. Print.

Waller, Trevor, & Debbie Nafte. Flight Attendant. Choosing a career. Gallo Manor, South Africa: Awareness Pub, 2007. Print.

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The American dream

Fitzgerald’s view of the American exhibits the death of the American Dream. The novel endeavors to give a glimpse of the affluent life of the high class people in the twenties as observable from the life of a moralistic young man called Nick Carraway. Out of the narrator’s dealings with the high placed society, the audience can note the alteration in the modern values and their consequential changing of the eventual American Dream. The American Dream is highly notable in terms of the materialism, power, and additionally the absence of the morality in the high society. In back.ing of his view, Fitzgerald avails his initial picture of the American dream and also presents its modern version. The Great Gatsby indication of the American dream notes the perseverance and hope as the main qualities others include the idea of success contrary to all odds (Fitzgerald, 100-111).

Life of the James Gatz fully outlines this literal picture as endure all odds to become a real American hero. Through his youthfulness Gatz sticks to his ambition of becoming a great man but intense hard work and industriousness. Furthermore, traits of James are observable from his interaction through romantic life with Hopalong Cassidy. Mr. Gatz confesses to Nick “Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what he’s got about improving his mind? He was always great for that” as he was showing him the journal (Fitzgerald, 175). James Gatz interaction with the American dream further is witnessed from a perception that his program especially for self-improvement emanated from Ben Franklin’s Autobiography, stringently from the tiny details.

Notably, from the illustrations the audience notes the hardworking trait and the urge for adventure. James Gatz’s headwork wins his admiration with other characters in the novel for instance, Jay Gatsby, who creates the true picture of the American dream which is the eternal hope. F. Scott Fitzgerald notes that wealth, lack of humanity and privilege are the main cause of the fall of the American dream and money is constantly used as the medium of undertaking the dealings that prompts the death of the American dream. Money effortlessly combines hope and success to eradicate the apparent position of American dream and even replace with materialism. Gatsby successful applies illegal dealings to acquire money which he spends in affluent life: large mansion, lavish parties, conspicuous collection of clothing which ultimately exhibits extends of corruption in his dealings (Fitzgerald, 144-5).

He does his business virtually above the law as from the novel, the traffic police fails to undertake consequential repercussions on him due to his established authority. Deplorable qualities of the American dream is notable from the life of Tom and Daisy Buchanan, whose lives are characterized by the absence of the any hope and full of regrets as the cornerstone of the character is majorly money and wealth. They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- They smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made…” (Fitzgerald, 180-181) are the Nick’s descriptions of Buchanan. Buchanan is careless; for instance, he exhibits lack of regret when he learns of Gatsby’s death he only responds, “I told him the truth…What If I did tell him? That fellow had it coming to him” (Fitzgerald, 187) and even confesses that he is responsible for the death of Gatsby and the suicide by Wilson but he perpetually continues to feel innocent because he has never felt shame as he is a member an established social elite. The upper class category consists of the heartless citizenry who have amassed wealth through dehumanization or trading their souls.

Works cited

Fitzgerald, F S. The Great Gatsby. , 2012. Print.