Question Sheet
The Landlady by Roald Dahl and The Hanging by George OrwellWhat happens in the story by Dahl?
Are you surprised? If so, why? If not, why not?
What clues did you get that this was going to be a horror story?
Do you find the narrator somewhat responsible for what happens to him? If so, why? If not, why not?
What happens in the Orwell story?
Whose perspective are you given?
What does Orwell want you to feel?
In what ways are these stories similar? Different?
The Jesse Owens Story
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The Jesse Owens Story
Background Of the story
Jesse Owens’s story is an inspirational and, at the same time, educative American drama that premiered in the year 1984. The story was about a black athlete named Jesse Owen. The writer, (lew Gilbert), had a perspective to interview Owens and his trainer for insights into Owens’ life. The reporter in his show said that his attention to interview Owens was due to media gossip that they were investigating Owen for his case concerning Tax evasion. The prosecution’s primary line popped out after Owens bought his parents’ house and awarded his trainer a new car (Pieper & Linden, 2020).
What is there to tell?
Jesse Owens was an Olympic athlete whose career in field track began when he was studying at high school. Jesse states in the interview that his success and love for way started when he first won three track events at the 1993 national inter-high school Championships. Behind every successful man, there is a rough story to tell. While growing up, Owen often felt sick, battling chronic bronchial congestion and pneumonia. This illness made Owens’s childhood so tricky. He narrates that his family was so poor that he had to work to help his parents have food at a young age.
Owen began to like sports when he joined High school. When he first won 100, 200, and long jump tracks, Fortune knocked at his doorsteps. Owen was wise to balance between Academic sports activities. After completing his school education, he grabbed a spot at Ohio State University, where he continued to expose his abilities to the world. His time at the university was full of winning, where he won other tracks, including setting a long jump record that lasted for 25 years.
The story of Jesse Owen is also associated with the 1936 Olympics. In this era, Racism was so up that the German leader by them, Adolf Hitler, criticized America for allowing black athletes to participate and compete. The Olympics saw America carry the day after it won 11 gold, where four of the gold were won by Jesse Owen.
Jesse Owens remains to be One of America all greats. He has been celebrated as the first American to win four gold medals at once. The story of Jesse Owen remains a vital piece of the journal because he became a symbol representing freedom and social mobility. He inspires so many people that success has nothing to do with race or ethnicity. Being black didn’t stop him from going for the gold at the Olympics. Many people can emulate his passion and focus as a calm-oriented trait in a world full of chaos.
Through this story, Jesse Owens’s victory in the 1036 Olympics in Berlin, Germany, contributes to modern-day racial abuse. Despite Adolf Hitler’s criticism of African American participation in the games, Jesse Owens never retreated from going for his win (Brooks & Jones, 2021). Through his courage in athletic achievements, Owen became an icon of victory against social discrimination. Jesse serves as an inspirational man through his life journey; his words were for free to youths and the like, encouraging people never to give up.
Borrowing from his fight for equality, Jesse was forced to resign from the secretary of Illinois youth role. Owens had tried to get more black drivers to get job opportunities in the truck and cab business, but that brought him more trouble than he thought. Despite losing his role, he continued to believe and fight for what he believed.
Lessons from Jesse Owens Story
Jesse Owens demonstrated a true character of a survivor; when he developed a bump on his chest, it is said that his mother used a kitchen knife to operate his chest and managed to remove a growth. Despite losing a lot of blood, he was able to survive. He stood up to fight life’s challenges as the first black man elected as the Ohio State University team captain. He survived restrictions from living in the on-campus hostels because of his color.
Eagers fly. In his book “Black think.” Jesse demonstrated that we should never expect a warm welcome when winning. People don’t always want to see you win, but like eagers, we must keep flying. His return after winning at the games was not of a kind that champions deserve, but he didn’t mind that. He took his time to write an inspirational message to the generation behind him.
The story teaches us to reach out to the land of opportunities. After retiring from amateur athletics, Owen started to earn from his physical talents. Racing against cars and animals, he never allowed time to define him; instead, with time, he found treasure. He went on to find a job in public relations and marketing. This is an excellent example that we have to look for opportunities. The opportunity to compete in the 1936 Olympic gold is one way we should learn from Jesse Owens’s story. We can also make a difference from good causes and help the community.
Reference
Pieper, L. P., & Linden, A. D. (2020). Race but Not Racism: The Jesse Owens Story and Race. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 37(10), 853-871
Brooks, F. E., & Jones Sr, K. M. (2021). Jesse Owens: A Life in American History. ABC-CLIO
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The Last Supper and the Tête à Tête
Introduction
The two works of art have a very strong message to anyone who looks at them with a deeper understanding and admiration of the beauty of art. Even though the theme of betrayal might not come immediately to a person’s mind this is the theme which is represented by these two works of art i.e. Marriage A-la-Mode: The Tête à Tête and the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci. In the Tete, a tete the marriage looks sour as the two partners are not much interested in each other and it is an early sign that there will be betrayal in the marriage. In the last super a person can’t see betrayal at first sight; however, it is there whereby Judas is at the table with Jesus and on that same night he betrays him for the sake of money.
Therefore these two works depict a very good work of art and how creativity can be used to show how the world is a good place, show how art can be used to express the deep-seated emotions and feelings in such a creative manner that a person can still look at a work of art after so long and they still admire how it was done. This paper, therefore, analyses the two works of art i.e. Marriage A-la-Mode: The Tête à Tête and the Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci, identifies their similar theme, describes and analyses the two works of art with inclusion of their historical and cultural background.
Marriage A-la-Mode: 2. The Tête à Tête
In this work of art, there is a marriage feast that has just happened but the bridegroom and the bride seem so far from the place. They are no interested in each other. This is a shocking event as married life is one of the most anticipated for life and it is always met with joy and a lot of gladness. However, on the opposite in this work of art, joy and peace are not displayed. The husband looks tired and bored. This is either an indication of partying so much or just being bored because he has been united with the woman he does not like. The dog smells something in the man’s pocket and this looks like a lady’s nightcap. The man also has a patch on his neck which is translated to mean that he has a sexually transmitted disease. In the first series of paintings the man already has the patch before his wedding.
The sword which lies by the husband undrawn and broken may be a sign that he is impotent (Olding, 193). The lady does not look as bored as the husband and she plays with cards. She sits with her legs wide open. She has a damp patch on the front of her skirt which is placed strategically. Therefore there is a very clear indication of the contrast between the unsatisfied impotent husband and the peaceful wife who just had adulterous sex (Olding, 192)
The steward is dressed like a pious Methodist and has a book by the name re-generation in his pocket. His expression indicates that he is a spendthrift. The carpet is cut and rolled back. This is an indication that there is a lack of planning and foresight.
This work of art has many different meanings engraved into one and this shows how smart the artist was when he made this work of art. It is in the same manner that the last supper has been presented in a very clear and thoughtful manner. Leonardo da Vinci presents the last super in a very vividly drawn manner to show betrayal as well as the last supper Jesus had with his disciples. The work of art is at the center of betrayal because it is drawn at the time when the disciples are reacting to the information Jesus had just passed that one of them would betray him. Therefore they were all amused and were expressing their amusement.
The Last Supper by Leonardo
When Jesus says that one of them would betray him, three disciples are Bartholomew, Andrew, and James from a group, and they are surprised by that announcement. John, Peter, and Judas Iscariot also form a group of three. Even though they are in a group of three Judas is taken back by that information Jesus passes and he realizes that Jesus already knows about his plan to betray him. In this instance, the theme of betrayal is brought out. Philip, Thomas, and James are the other group of three while the last group of three are Mathew, Jude, and Simon.
Therefore the two works are similar in that their content is almost similar. They talk of a situation whereby one of the people is feeling bad about themselves after getting some information. In the case of the last supper, it is Judas Iscariot while in the Marriage A-la-Mode: The Tête à Tête it is the bridegroom who feels awful about him not being able to satisfy his wife and therefore the wife has sex with another person and she is happy. Therefore in both instances, the two works of art are similar to a great deal.
The cultural background of the two works however is somehow different. The last super work of art is found within the renaissance period and this tells us why it was painted (Ladwein, 09). It was painted as part of the renovations to the church and the convent buildings. The marriage A-la-Mode: 2. The Tête à Tête can be placed within the impressionism period. This is because this work of art mainly wants to capture the emotions of that day rather than anything else majorly. This is perfectly done through various methods of presentation of the work of art.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the painting of Jesus having the last supper with his disciples can be said to be a more accurate representation of the subject matter which is betrayal. Even though the bride in the marriage work of art betrays the bridegroom by sleeping with another man (Cowley, 45) the story of Jesus carries more weight and it is even unbelievable that a close friend would betray his close friend. This irony brings out the concept of betrayal more clearly.
Works cited
Cowley, Robert LS. Marriage A-la-mode: A Re-view of Hogarth’s Narrative Art. Manchester University Press, 1983.Edwin, Michael. Leonardo Da Vinci, the Last Supper: a cosmic drama and an act of redemption. Temple Lodge Publishing, 2006.Olding, Madeleine Noelle, and Jane Moore. “Society, sexuality, and medicine in Hogarth’s Marriage A-la-Mode.” British Journal of General Practice 69.681 (2019): 192-193.
Wasserman, Jack. “Reflections on the Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci.” Arte Lombarda (1983): 15-34.
Collectivism versus Individualism
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Cultural changes have occurred across many societies of the world. Many communities have dropped their norms and assumed new or foreign ones. This has created cultural differences between traditional and modern communities. For example, many communities have switched from their traditional religions and assumed joined the major religions. The change in cultural practices is the main cause of change in cultural differences between many communities. The environment of the modern communities has also promoted certain personalities. An example of individualism.
In the journal Individualism- Collectivism and Social Capital Allick and Realo (2004) observed that individualism was associated with cultures in which collective ties were wobbly. In such societies, every member is expected to take care of personal issues and those of his or her immediate family. Allick and Realo (2004) observed that collectivism pertains to societies where people share common ties from birth and are expected to strengthen the bond between them throughout their life. This is not the case with UAE communities. Most of the communities however practice individualism. An example of such a community is UAE where everyone is concerned with himself and the immediate environs like relatives. The community has thus been biased whereby the poor keep getting poorer and the rich getting richer. The individual as also encouraged tribalism and racisms in UAE including in the government. We have witnessed case where government officials’ bride ways for their close relatives to enter certain positions and ranks. This is individualism in a way.
The Judgment of Thamus Summary
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The Judgment of Thamus Summary
Theuth, to make life simpler, invented geometry, calculation, number, astronomy, and writing. However, these innovations received critics and judgments from other people. First, Thamus critiqued Theuth’s theory that writing would improve intelligence and wisdom among people. Thamus claimed that writing would damage memory and create false understanding. However, Thamus was wrong in that the developments built in a community or society must have both negative and positive impacts on the users. For example, technological developments have positive effects on people, but at the same time, it is affecting the wellbeing of a group of people. Everything has its advantages and disadvantages; hence both sides should be considered when analyzing.
Also, to understand the importance of particular developments, one should look at its need. Feud explains that each event created comes with a solution to one thing but creates another problem. This assertion is contrary to Thamus claims. For example, the existence of railway enhanced transportation of people and goods, but the long-distance between people required a means of communication. The needled to the creation of a telephone to speak and exchange information. Therefore, the need and solutions from a series of inventions and innovations transpire to cater to the arising needs. Also, in the television series ‘black mirror,’ the need to have a simpler life leads to improvement in technology and more innovations that affect people’s living.
The effect of writing depends on the existing technology; therefore, its effects rely on the form used. Thamus views writing in only one aspect, considered as one-eyed, hence thinks it would destroy memory and wisdom by confusing and becoming indistinguishable from knowledge written. However, the truth remains that improvements in writing occur periodically to solve a challenge that arises in life. More developments come up to resolve other issues. According to Theuth, writing exists to improve wisdom, while Thamus thinks it destroys its reputation. For instance, Harold Iris speaks of knowledge monopolies that may have control over certain technologies hence determine the kind and quality of knowledge the recipients should receive. This proficiency may be accurate; however, new technology supports traditional education and keeps improving wisdom. Taking the example of computer technology, it has been beneficial, especially in operations of large-scale companies, but also, it has taken up human jobs hence lesser job opportunities. Therefore, every development has a positive and negative effect.
Luther also considers writing a way to spread the gospel to a wide range of people. This theory is critiqued by Gutenberg, claiming that writing and printing will only ensure many people read the word but with no proper instruction hence have no effect in the lives of people. The critiques of writing show in schools where students have different ideas on written information due to getting used to televisions. Therefore, according to Thamus, orality tends to work better as it encourages group discussions, corporation, and social responsibility. However, technology does not only bring negativity but is ecological. It alters the way people think and the developments that occur in a community. For example, with the development of Facebook, a technology emerged to install a fridge with a Facebook account in that it will be alerting one when there is a need for shopping. This innovation may be an advantage to people but also encourages laziness. This claim is supported by both Thamus and Harold Innis hence essential to consider the platforms in which technology applies.
With all the critiques of Theuth’s claims on technology, some benefit from it while some lose. However, technology is subtle and affects every individual since culture and traditions are highly receptive to new technologies. Its impact spreads fast to the entire population. Also, there are chances that writers would rely on external sources rather than internal resources hence have a lot of information with no specific instruction for people to understand. William Farish came up with the idea that a qualitative value should be attached to human thoughts, and this applies until date in assigning marks in schools. This creation is also a development that affects the social interpretation of nature and behavior. Every technology that comes up is used in everyday activities in that having the tool encourages people to use it and find new ways to apply the ideas. Writing and technology affect individual lives, both positively and negatively.
The Judicial System
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The Judicial System
Question 1
Personal jurisdiction is the court’s authority to hear a case and apply its decision to the party being sued (Jennings, 1). The U.S. Constitution stipulates that a party must have at least minimal contact with the forum where the court is situated before the court may exercise its power over that individual. On the other hand, subject matter jurisdiction is the court’s authority to hear and decide over a certain type of case and a restriction to exercise authority on only that specific subject matter.
Both personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction are relevant to someone who does business in different states. Firstly, personal jurisdiction protects someone who does business in different states from being sued in more than one state. Usually, personal jurisdiction limits the court’s authority to adjudicate based on locality (Peterson, 2). Since a corporation is established solely through the laws of the state where it is registered, it cannot be sued for failing to comply with the laws of another state. Thus, the business entity of a person who does business in different states can only be sued in the state where the business entity is registered. On the other hand, the subject matter jurisdiction is important to someone who does business in different states since this type of jurisdiction cannot be waived (Berch, 3). Therefore, even if the plaintiff is from the state where the court is situated, he or she cannot accord the court the authority to decide over the presented case if the court does not have the authority in the first place.
Question 2
Stare decisis is a legal policy or doctrine that requires courts to follow principles or rules established in previous judicial decisions when ruling on the same or a similar legal case (Jennings, 1).
The selected U.S. Supreme Court decision relating to the regulation of business that is likely to impact business today is the Supreme Court decision on the Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid case. This case involved a California regulation that permitted labor organizers to enter agricultural workplaces and talk to farmworkers during non-working hours on a limited number of days. The regulation specified when, where, and how long the labor organizers could access the property to converse with the agricultural workers and prohibited disrupting agricultural operations or employer’s property. However, the private agricultural properties’ owners challenged the regulation claiming that it violated provisions of the Takings clause of the Fifth Amendment, which stipulates that private property should not be engaged in public use without fair compensation. The Supreme court ruled that the California regulation that permitted labor organizers to visit private farmland violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment (Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, 5). This decision is likely to influence business today since it allows businesses to challenge regulations set earlier. I disagree with the Supreme Court decision since the regulation only required the union organizers to talk to agricultural workers during non-working hours, and access to the property was strictly limited to avoid disruptions.
Sources
Jennings, Marianne. (2022) Business: Its legal, ethical, and global environment (12th edition) Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
Peterson, David. (2019). Categorical Confusion in Personal Jurisdiction Law.Wash. & Lee L. Rev, 76,655.
Berch, Jessica. (2015). Waiving Jurisdiction. Pace L. Rev, 36,853.
Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid. https://www.theusconstitution.org/litigation/cedar-point-nursery-v-hassid/#:~:text=Point%20Nursery%20v.-,Hassid,Clause%20of%20the%20Fifth%20Amendment.
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The Judiciary
Hamilton argued that the Judiciary was not as strong as the legislative and executive arms of the government. After ratification of the US government between the years 1787 to 1788, the federalists realized that the Judiciary did not have similar powers as the executive and legislature. It lacked decision-making abilities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”nNMYTxZ5″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hamilton et al.)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hamilton et al.)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:1080,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/XHGWXWGD”],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/XHGWXWGD”],”itemData”:{“id”:1080,”type”:”chapter”,”abstract”:”WE PROCEED now to an examination of the judiciary department of the proposed government.”,”container-title”:”The Federalist Papers”,”event-place”:”New York”,”ISBN”:”978-0-230-10201-9″,”language”:”en”,”note”:”DOI: 10.1057/9780230102019_47″,”page”:”235-240″,”publisher”:”Palgrave Macmillan US”,”publisher-place”:”New York”,”source”:”Springer Link”,”title”:”Federalist No. 78″,”URL”:”https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230102019_47″,”author”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:”Alexander”},{“family”:”Madison”,”given”:”James”},{“family”:”Jay”,”given”:”John”}],”editor”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:”Alexander”},{“family”:”Madison”,”given”:”James”},{“family”:”Jay”,”given”:”John”}],”accessed”:{“date-parts”:[[“2020″,5,26]]},”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2009″]]}}}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (Hamilton et al.). Its function was merely judgment rather than doing the strong functions such as control of the government expenditure, or commanding the armed forces. It also lacked independence, permanence, and continuity. Unlike the executive arm of the government, the Judiciary could not wage war.
For this reason, there would not arise any threats from the Judiciary, making it less dangerous. Further, it could not decide the conduct of citizens in the country ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”bpYaEch9″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hamilton 1)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hamilton 1)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:1081,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”itemData”:{“id”:1081,”type”:”article”,”title”:”Federalist Papers Federalist, No. 78, And The Power Of The Judiciary”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:””}]},”locator”:”1″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (Hamilton 1). Therefore, it depended on the executive and legislative arms to perform the essential duties.
In his essays, Hamilton maintained that the Judiciary should be an independent arm and exercise its purpose in the government. It needed independence to form the legislative and executive arms. The objectives included matters surround the appointment of judges and their office tenure, as well as maintaining its authority regarding the relationship within different judicial courts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”gIRTVuKC”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hamilton 2)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hamilton 2)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:1081,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”itemData”:{“id”:1081,”type”:”article”,”title”:”Federalist Papers Federalist, No. 78, And The Power Of The Judiciary”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:””}]},”locator”:”2″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (2). The purpose of the Judiciary included protecting the people and ensuring that their rights and privileges and upheld. The Judiciary also ought to rule out any unconstitutional laws. Judges will maintain judicial office after a measure of ‘good behavior’. The goal is to provide fairness and justice to the administration of secure and upright laws.
Hamilton believed that the Judiciary has equal significance in the government. What makes it more outstanding is the judges’ independence from any political interference, putting the people’s interest first. He maintains that the constitution remains the reference to fundamental laws. The roles of the Judiciary include interpretation of the legislative powers to the people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”chRGqiI3″,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hamilton 4)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hamilton 4)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:1081,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”itemData”:{“id”:1081,”type”:”article”,”title”:”Federalist Papers Federalist, No. 78, And The Power Of The Judiciary”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:””}]},”locator”:”4″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (4). The people’s interests and intentions are essential than what their political representatives claim. Therefore, it is the work of the Judiciary being an independent arm to ensure security from interference either internally or externally.
According to Milton, the judicial selection and office term should be a permanent tenure. Judges after elected on ‘good behavior’, they will freely perform their roles without interferences from the legislative arm. The permanent tenure office, therefore, ensures protecting the rights of citizens. Good behavior will ensure their office tenure as they uphold ethical, moral standards. Moreover, while in office, these judges perform tasks that demand ethical behavior. These judges will be in service unless they are prosecuted for an offense, or are declared mentally incapacitated. He also argued that with age comes wisdom; therefore, holding a judicial office should not be restricted to a specific age limit ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {“citationID”:”aeRQZYhq”,”properties”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Hamilton 5)”,”plainCitation”:”(Hamilton 5)”,”noteIndex”:0},”citationItems”:[{“id”:1081,”uris”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”uri”:[“http://zotero.org/users/local/rEYGfGF8/items/I3N8L664″],”itemData”:{“id”:1081,”type”:”article”,”title”:”Federalist Papers Federalist, No. 78, And The Power Of The Judiciary”,”author”:[{“family”:”Hamilton”,”given”:””}]},”locator”:”5″,”label”:”page”}],”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”} (5). Thus, life or permanent tenure provides judicial independence and sustainability of the roles as mentioned earlier.
Hamilton did not support that the Judiciary will stand as a threat by overpowering the government’s legislative arm. He instead believed that making the judiciary permanent would become a barrier to oppression. Its power is to act, rather than merely passing judgments. To conclude, Hamilton supported the organizational independence of the three arms of government. He envisioned a strong judiciary under whose judges maintain ethical standards in carrying out their duties.
Works Cited
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {“uncited”:[],”omitted”:[],”custom”:[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hamilton. Federalist Papers Federalist, No. 78, And The Power Of The Judiciary.
Hamilton, Alexander, et al. “Federalist No. 78.” The Federalist Papers, edited by Alexander Hamilton et al., Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009, pp. 235–40. Springer Link, doi:10.1057/9780230102019_47.
The juvenile correction system
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Introduction
The juvenile structure is designed to rehabilitate and transform the traits of teenagers to be better people in the society. According to most American states, a juvenile is a person who is aged less than 18 years of age (Alarcon, 2004). There have been incidences where sections of the youth take advantage of the leniency of the system to protect them although the system was designed to correct and transform the teenagers into law abiding citizens. Juvenile offenders often get shorter jail terms as compared to elders. In prison, they are transformed and trained to be obedient and law-abiding citizens (Alarcon, 2004). However in as much as the government tries to have a soft spot for the teenagers, some commit very violent crimes such as rape, drug peddling and robbery with violence. Such crimes are very serious, and the culprits should be dealt with fairly in accordance with the law. A large proportion of teens that have been through the juvenile system have been transformed into law abiding citizens than those who go through the criminal system where many end up being hard core criminals.
When a teen commits a crime, there is a higher possibility of recidivism. If a teenager commits murder, in most cases it is out of frustration, acting out of impulse, and mostly the action is done without having a second thought. The decision may have been because of desperation, and such a person can be transformed into an obedient and law-abiding citizen (Alarcon, 2004). If by chance such an individual is thrown in a prison that is composed of hard core criminals, there is a likelihood that once the child finishes his/ her jail term he/ she will become a serious hard core criminal. Sending such young children will only increase the number of young criminals who turn out to be even more violent and traumatize the society.
Similarly, when juveniles commit crimes, most likely it is, as a result, of missing out on a particular stage in their development. Such situation diverts the offence to the parent who failed to properly train, transform and modify the trait of the child to be a law abiding citizen. Before a child reaches the age of over 18 years, it is the duty of the parent to teach a child on being responsible and enlighten the child on the society’s do’s and don’ts and also emphasize the possible consequences of breaking the laws.
The American department of justice estimates that a total of nearly more than 33,000 teenagers are arrested for committing offences (Asbridge, 2007). A further estimated 10% of all homicides committed in the USA are committed by teenagers who are aged below 18 years (Peters, 2011). In 2010, for instance, the number of violent crimes increased sharply for more than 30% (Asbridge, 2007). Research also shows that adolescents are not too young to distinguish wrong and right. Studies confirm that teens have the ability of acting out of impulse and emotions (Peters, 2011). The ability to understand and comprehend their actions but having limited control over their emotions proves that they are not in the same class as adults and, therefore, need to be rehabilitated and guided the right way.
In a 1996 study conducted in Florida by North-eastern University researcher called Donna Bishop, the results were a large proportion of juveniles taken to the criminal system were more likely to be involved in recidivism. In the analysis, a total of 2738 juveniles taken to the criminal system and the results were they more likely to be rejuvenated just like those who were through the juvenile system though it took a little longer (Alarcon, 2004). The proportion that were taken through the criminal system, within a period of two years they were more likely to commit more criminal offences than they had done before they were earlier imprisoned (Peters, 2011). From such statistics, it is evident that convicting teenagers through the criminal system does not transform them as expected but instead makes them hard core criminals.
In a separate study conducted by Jeffrey Fagan; a Columbia University researcher made a comparison between 16 year olds that were charged with burglary and robbery in New Jersey and New York states. The two states have similar laws regarding robbery and burglary although the laws of New York require if a 16 year old commits an offence he/ she is sentenced in a criminal court while the latter in a Juvenile court (Alarcon, 2004). A total of randomly selected offenders 800 in number who committed the two crimes were sampled for each of the states (Peters, 2011). It was observed that a total of more than 70% of the teenagers prosecuted in criminal courts were further rearrested after being freed while 65% of those who went through the juvenile courts were rearrested (Peters, 2011). Although the differences were minimal, it is clear that the likelihood of committing crimes if juveniles went through the criminal system was very high as compared to those that went through the juvenile court system.
Convicting juveniles using the criminal system is more economic setbacks to the country because of a number of reasons for instance; when the state will spend a lot in maintaining the teenager in prison with the hope that once he/ she leaves jail he/ she will be of benefit to the economy by applying the practical training he has gone through in prison for the better of the economy only to commit another crime and be sentenced to back to prison after a short duration.
The minors often commit the crimes out of emotion and anger. Sentencing the children to serve in criminal jails where there are no proper emotional and psychological structures that will help mentally transform the child is of little benefit to the child (Asbridge, 2007). Lack of psychological counselling may make these young and mentally unstable teens even to commit suicide because they feel that they did not deserve such sentence, they feel their family will reject them, and they will as well lose their social friendship circle. It is from this solitude that a suicide is committed.
The decision making ability of teenagers and adults vary considerably. In fact, teenagers differ in terms of rights and freedom as compared to adults. The variation means that the manners in which the two different groups are likely to commit crime also differ. A scientific study conducted to examine the mental and psychological reaction to fear and aggression differ when comparing adults and adolescents. The frontal cortex is a section of the brain that controls the human reasoning and response to situations (Asbridge, 2007). In the teenage age bracket, the region is not fully developed and with time as a teenager matures the region also develops to maturity. The growth of this part of the brain affects the way the child thinks and decides that differs from an adult whose mental growth has reached maturity and therefore is able to make the correct decisions as compared to a teen. Such circumstance qualifies that the teens cannot be on the same mental and psychological scale as the adults and therefore deserves a properly designed junior court system that is designed to incorporate the intellectual and physical progress of the young generation (Singer, 2012).
On the moral perspective, it is unjust and against societal norms sentencing a 12 year old to a life sentence. The child committed the crime out of emotion and the best remedy for such a crime is offering psychological support, rehabilitation with a well-designed form of punishment that will transform the teenager transform his/ her traits. On the same line, there are privileges that the teens do not access to like their adult counterparts. They cannot drive, sign legal contracts, drink, marry or get married reasons being that they incapable of making well informed and proper decisions like the adults. The lack of proper development of the cerebellum section of the brain that controls their impulses makes them lack the ability to critically analyse a situation before acting.
Contrary, there are some crimes that cannot be taken lightly even if they are committed by teens. Some of them are rape, robbery with violence amongst others because such crimes have serious impacts both socially, physically and mentally to the victims as well as the victim’s family (Singer, 2012). Juveniles who commit such crimes should not be taken to criminal systems but instead should face serious punishments blended with an extensive rehabilitation programme. Proper juvenile sentences to such culprits ensure that justice is done to the victim who suffered a lot.
Conclusion
Proper parenting and child support is essential in the proper transformation and upbringing of the children behaviours and traits. Proper parental base ensures that children are well brought up and are able to distinguish what is right or wrong. Such upbringing transforms the morals of teens to an extent that they avoid doing what is wrong because they know that they will face serious consequences if they do wrong. Juveniles who commit Crimes such as robbery with violence, murder and rape should not receive jail terms equivalent to adults because such acts are unacceptable and very offending not only to the victim’s family alone but also to the society but should face tougher punishment that fits their age bracket (Singer, 2012).
The high school syllabus should be designed to incorporate anger management classes to help them in mental and psychological development. Such classes will help a large proportion of the young generation to be able take care of their emotional being hence make them better citizens. The ability to be able to know right and wrong is different from understanding both the short and long term impacts and consequences that may occur when a teenager commits a crime (Asbridge, 2007). There is a big difference between the correction modes applied in juvenile and criminal systems. The former emphasizes on rehabilitation while the latter provides a sentence equivalent to the crime committed (Singer, 2012). Imprisoning young offenders in the criminal system leads to an increment in criminal rates especially when the teens is freed from the jail and also causes an increment in the prison management costs because of the increased number of convicts.
References
Alarcon, F. (2004, February 1). Juvenile Corrections: Why Would Anyone Want to Work in This Business?. Corrections Today, 3, 2.
Asbridge, C. S. (2007, October 1). Sexual Assault in Juvenile Corrections: A Preventable Tragedy. Corrections Today, 1, 3.
Peters, C. S. (2011, February 1). Juvenile Recidivism-Measuring Success or Failure: Is There a Difference?. Corrections Today, 2, 3.
Singer, W. (2012, June 22). Judicial Intervention and Juvenile Corrections Reform: A Case Study of Jerry M. V. District of Columbia. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 2, 3.
Training programs for juvenile corrections professionals juvenile correction, juvenile detention : service plan, June 1, 2002 – May 31, 2003.. (2002). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Corrections :.
The juvenile system of Georgia
Name
Professor
Course
Date
Crime is an everyday occurrence within any set up of a community; the culprits are not restricted to any gender, race or age. Long time ago the justice system did not recognize if the person who had committed the crime was a child or an adult, as a result the young offenders were jailed together with the adults. The jailing together of the young convicts together with the adults had some effects such as the young convicts’ were molested, some ended up being taught new crimes. As a result of those happenings, the need for a separate system was deemed necessary thus the creation of the juvenile system (Rosenheim, 2002).
Juvenile system history
The first ever juvenile house in the United States of America was formed in the year 1824 in New York. The house was known as the house of refuge, after the success of the house other states soon followed suit and opened juvenile centers. The idea of just having a juvenile house was not enough, guided by research on child development which had taken place in the early 18th century, some reformers pushed for the formation of juvenile courts. The reformers were of the opinion that the juveniles should be rehabilitated rather than being punished. The cook county based in the state of Illinois became the first to establish a juvenile court in the year 1899, within the first 30 years of establishment of the Juvenile court other states followed (Rosenheim, 2002).
The difference between the juveniles courts and the other adult courts was unlike the adult courts where the proceedings was held according to the crime committed, the juvenile courts focused on the offender and thus arriving at the options that would facilitate the rehabilitation of the youth. In simple terms the juvenile courts were “civil” unlike the adults which were “criminal.” The juvenile courts were formed on the basis of “parens patriae” , that enabled the courts to make decisions that would not hurt the juvenile but reform the juvenile just the same way apparent would do to a child (Rosenheim, 2002).
Just like many states within the United States of America, Georgia also has juvenile services to help deal with the cases of crime among the youth. The first juvenile court in Georgia was established in the year 1911 in the Fulton County. The numbers of court has risen to about 92, while the juvenile facilities have risen to about 26, with every county within Georgia having a juvenile facility. All the facilities with about 4,000 employees have the responsibility of ensuring that the youths held at the facilities are taken care of. The juvenile department of Georgia is divided into four regions and eleven districts for easy management of both the secure facilities and the juvenile courts. The juvenile system of Georgia provide short and long term secure services, the centers that provide the short term facilities are known as (RYDCs), while the long term facilities are known as the (YDCs). The Regional Youth Detention Centers (RYDCs) are used to hold the youths awaiting trial and those waiting to be transferred to the Youth Development Campuses (YDCs). The YDCs are used to hold the youths who have been sentenced by the juvenile courts (Rosenheim, 2002).
Objectives of the research
The objective of the research is to find out:
Problems that have been facing the juvenile system in Georgia
Sociopolitical contributions to the problems
Multidisciplinary connection with criminal behavior
Theoretical ways that can solve the contemporary problems within the juvenile justice system
Proposed solution to the problems
Research Methods and design
My research is aimed at the people who work for the juvenile systems, those youths who have gone through the juvenile system. A significant amount of money is spent on the juvenile facilities; more and more youths are being sentenced to the juvenile secure facilities everyday. Research shows that some of the youths who have served time at the secure facilities still commit the offences that they committed (Rosenheim, 2002).
To assist in the research I managed to interview 5 people. Tony a youth who at one time was held at one of the secure facilities for the crime of Carjacking while armed, Dick who was held at one of the facilities for drug trafficking, and Charley who was held for arson. The other people were Vincent, who is a guard at one of the facilities and Connie an employee at the girls’ facility. I chose to work with this group of people as they had the direct connection with the juvenile system, some were employees of the juvenile system, thus enforcers of the law. Others had at one time gone through the juvenile system thus had the experiences of being in such institutions.
I asked the respondents in my research some questions that were able to bring out their thoughts on the juvenile system. For instance I asked a question such as do you know the functions of the juvenile system. The response I was able to get from the respondents enabled me to zero in on the problems facing the juvenile system as a whole. From the interview most people saw the juveniles’ centers as not a good idea, even though they appreciated the juveniles’ court. This will be able to come out in the course of the interview. The questions that I had written were used to conduct the research, as the discussion will show most people view the juvenile system.
Limitations of the research
The possible limitation of the research is the sample size was vey small and it cannot be able to be used to make a judgment on the juvenile system. During the interview I was able to notice that some of the respondents were giving very brief answers to some of the questions that I asked them as if they were in a hurry. That makes me feel that some of the answers given were not entirely sincere. Some of the questions were very personal that some respondents felt uncomfortable answering them, which meant that I had to skip them altogether or ask them later sometimes I had to rephrase the questions. Such an experience made me doubt some of the answers given in such a situation. Some respondents’ kind of exaggerated the situation in the juvenile system thus making the system look bad than it was actually was. Some of the questions were not answered satisfactorily by the respondents, which forced me to ask the questions all over again. That further made me doubt if the answers given were true. Some of the respondents gave answers they thought I wanted to have; in so doing they thought that they were being helpful.
Findings
My research revealed that most of the youth who ended up in the juvenile secured centers committed the crimes that they did because they were criminals, but some were pushed into crime by adults. Poverty was another factor that made some of the youths venture into crime, per pressure was the most outstanding reason why some of the youths committed crimes. Tony who was charged with armed carjacking and sent to the secured center explained to me that he became involved in carjacking as a result of the situation at home. His father is a drunk who do not care whether they go to school or not, his mother is a bartender and most of the time is not at home. His father is very violent when drunk who means the mother cannot stay at home even when of duty; Tony was forced to abandon his home and went to live with some young men. With no money to buy the latest trends of clothes and no one willing to give it to him, Tony joined the young men in carjacking so as to sustain himself.
Dick the other youth who was put in the secured centers gave her story explaining that it was his father who was using him for drug trafficking. Both of parents are drug users as well as drug drugs sellers, which meant that he had to do as told by the parents or face being thrown out of the home. From the two cases above involving Tony and Charley the youths were forced into crime by the situations back at their homes. Charley was involved in burning down the school library due to pressure from some of his peers who told him that in order to join the group he had to do something brave (Benekos, 2004).
Problems facing the juvenile systems in Georgia
The point that all the three former juveniles agreed to was that for the Juvenile secured centers to have an impact on the youth behavior more funs needs to put into the holding centers. Most of the centers both long term and short term are overcrowded. The reduction of the amount of funds through legislations has really affected the juvenile system in Georgia (Benekos, 2004).
Some of the juvenile are filled up with some youths who are first offenders with no possibility of being a danger to the community or any likely hood of reoffending. That means that some youths who had committed “small offenses”, most of them ends up in the centers for crimes that could have been handled from the outside with more effective and positive results. Another problem that was rampant was molestation especially on the facilities holding the female; some of the female were using sex to get favors from the male guards, some trials took a very long time (Benekos, 2004).
Conclusion
The juvenile system can only be beneficial if it rehabilitates the youths and make them better persons in the community. The facilities are of immense importance in the community but they should not be used as the dumping grounds for the young offenders in the community.
Recommendations
In order to facilitate proper rehabilitation of the youth in the secured centers more funds should be availed that would help in expanding the current centers. The juveniles who present low risk to the society should not be held in the secured institutions but should be left among the other people in the community but under surveillance or probation. Contact between the male custodians and the female juveniles should be minimized to avoid molestation.
Interview Questions
Juvenile system
Question 1: Do you know what the juvenile system is all about? If you do please explain
Question 2: Have you ever been sent to a juvenile institution for any crime? (If yes) what was the crime, and for how long were you held?
Question 3: What do you think about the juvenile system in Georgia?
Question 4: Do you think the juvenile system is achieving its goal of changing the behaviors’ of the youth
Question 5: What do you dislike most about the juvenile system in Georgia?
Reference
Benekos, P. J., & Merlo, A. V. (2004). Controversies in juvenile justice and delinquency. New York: LexisNexis.
Rosenheim, M. K. (2002). A century of juvenile justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(Rosenheim, 2002)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Birth of the Republican Party
The video lecture was about the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Birth of the Republican Party; events which occurred from the year 1854 to 1855. From the lecture, I learnt that the Kansas-Nebraska Act was created in 1854, it repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed these two new territories to decide whether they wanted to be slave or free states (YaleCourses, 2008). This created a huge divide between North and South that would lead to the creation of the Republican Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was designed by Stephen Douglas to get rid of slavery in these two new territories. To start, Douglas challenged William L. Dayton’s amendment to create an anti-slavery political party at the territory’s convention by stating that these territories were open to slavery. Kansas and Nebraska were the two new territories that had been created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (YaleCourses, 2008). The Missouri Compromise had been passed, which was a deal between President Millard Fillmore and Congress to settle the issue of slavery in the country. The deal allowed slavery in Missouri, but it also prevented it from spreading any further or affecting slavery in other states.
I also learnt that after the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, two pro-slavery and two anti-slavery political parties were created. The former of the two pro-slavery parties was for slavery and the latter for anti-slavery (YaleCourses, 2008). The anti-slavery party was not a legal party because there was no way for them to represent their people. The Democratic Party ran on a platform stating that they would oppose any state or territorial laws that made it free territory by popular sovereignty, meaning that people in the territories themselves would decide whether it should be a free or slave territory. The Kansas-Nebraska Act also created a new political party, the Republican Party which supported slavery in all territories and opposed any form of abolition. Douglas led the Republican Party to victory over the Democratic Party in the 1856 presidential election. However, because a majority of voters in the territories did not vote for Douglas, defeated by Stephen Douglas. The Kansas-Nebraska Act had been passed, which was a deal between President Millard Fillmore and Congress to settle the issue of slavery in the country. The deal allowed slavery in Missouri, but it also prevented it from spreading any further or affecting slavery in other states. After Kansas and Nebraska became free territories, political pressure grew stronger against slavery within that portion of the North that would soon become states (YaleCourses, 2008). In 1854, three years before Kansas and Nebraska became free territories, Stephen Douglas challenged William L. Dayton’s amendment to create an anti-slavery political party at the territory’s convention by stating that these territories were open to slavery. After President Fillmore signed the bill, Kansas and Nebraska became free territories which made them much more appealing than a slave territory. This meant that more people from the north would settle there, thus increasing the chances of those territories becoming free states. The growing controversy surrounding slavery caused immense political pressure within a portion of the North that would soon become states.
When people were talking about Democratic party before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, most people thought that it was going to be beneficial for all of them. However, in my opinion, when looking at it from this perspective, although the act was passed, it caused a lot of controversy in the country and divided people further. Additionally, it caused a further divide between North and South which led to the creation of the Republican Party.
References
YaleCourses. (2008 November, 21). “A Hell of a Storm”: The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Birth of the Republican Party, 1854-55. [Video file]. YouTube.