Category: Uncategorized

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Dear Mr.

Please accept the following as the final draft of my research project on Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs). A significant amount of information on this topic has been generated over the last twenty years. According to the literature, the research is still in its infancy, and there is more work to be completed. Throughout the research and writing process, I gained a good deal of insight and knowledge regarding ACOAs and have presented information in my research paper on the following topics:

Alcoholism and alcohol consumption in the United StatesCharacteristics of ACOAs

Family relationships in alcoholic families

Symptoms of ACOAs

Treatment for ACOAs

In conducting my research for this project, I found several valuable books on ACOAs. I supplemented the information from the books with various journal articles and internet resources. By the end of the research process, I realized I had gathered more information than I could realistically use for this project.

I would like to thank you for your support and encouragement throughout this process. I appreciated the opportunity to build up to the final project by working through the smaller projects you assigned throughout the semester. Over the course of the semester, I feel I have been able to carefully evaluate sources of information and construct a thorough report on ACOAs. Please feel free to contact me at (302) 555-5555 if you have any questions regarding my research project.

SincerelyTable of Contents

Letter of Transmittalii

List of Figuresiv

Abstractv

Alcoholism1

Alcohol Consumption in the United States1

Definition of Alcoholism1

Adult Children of Alcoholics2

Definition2

History of the ACOA Movement3

Characteristics of ACOAs4

Family Relationships6

Family Systems6

Family Roles8

Symptoms8

Depression9

Anxiety9

Alcoholism10

Eating Disorders11

Treatment11

Self-Help Groups12

Individual/Group Therapy13

Future Prospects14

References15

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………16

Abstract

Alcoholism is a family disease that affects every member of the family. Within alcoholic family systems, children often take on various roles and characteristics that allow them to survive while maintaining the dysfunction in the family. Without intervention or treatment, children often carry these negative roles and characteristics into adulthood, only to find that they no longer provide the same benefit they did in childhood. As a result, many adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) develop symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, or they may develop compulsive behaviors such as alcoholism and eating disorders. Fortunately, therapy has proved very successful at helping ACOAs who are trying to heal themselves and move on with their adult lives.

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Alcoholism

Alcohol consumption in the United States

Throughout history, alcohol has played a major role in the lives of Americans. While the amount of alcohol consumed has increased and decreased over time, it has remained a constant in society. Even the enactment of Prohibition in the early 1900s failed to eradicate alcohol consumption completely. After Prohibition was repealed in the 1930s, alcohol consumption increased rapidly from 1935 to 1945. Another substantial increase in alcohol use was experienced in the 1970s, which was accompanied by a decrease in the minimum legal drinking age (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 42). According to Rhoden & Robinson (2009), a slight reversal of alcohol consumption trends was witnessed in the early 1980s, along with the return of the minimum legal drinking age to twenty-one (p. 45). More recently, The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence reported that “from 2006-2007, annual per capita consumption of alcohol in the US decreased 0.5 percent to 2.18 gallons; per capita consumption in 2007[was] second only to 1995 in being the lowest in 35 years” (Alcoholism, 2008, Statistics section, para. 1).

Definition of alcoholism

In American culture, drinking alcohol in moderation is a socially acceptable way to celebrate, relax and unwind. The alcoholic beverage industry and the media support this notion through advertising that glamorizes alcohol consumption. Additionally, for many Americans, drinking is tied to family traditions. Alcohol is often used during holiday celebrations and to commemorate religious occasions. Unfortunately, attention is not always given to the harmful effects alcohol can have on a person. Due to various biological and environmental factors, many people do not enjoy alcohol in moderation. A report from the National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence suggests that while two-thirds of the population engages in the consumption of alcohol, half of the total amount of alcohol is consumed by only 10 percent of the population (Alcoholism, 2008, Statistics section, para. 1). In fact, the 2007 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse reported that 8.2 million Americans were dependent on alcohol (Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2008, para. 7). Alcohol dependency is a component of alcoholism, which can be defined as:

A chronic condition characterized by the habitual consumption of alcoholicbeverages to such an extent that it impairs physical or mental health and interferes with the activities of daily living; it may be progressive in nature and potentially fatal when producing pathological changes in organs. (Alcoholism, 2008, Introduction section, para. 1)

As the definition implies, alcoholism has devastating effects on many aspects of one’s life. It is important to recognize that alcoholics do not live in seclusion and that their behaviors have a profound impact on the people surrounding them, even on their adult children.

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Definition

When a child has an alcoholic parent, the child grows up in a dysfunctional environment. This experience can potentially have a negative effect on a child throughout his lifespan. Adults who are coping with issues resulting from parental alcoholism are known as Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs). An ACOA can be defined as an adult suffering post-family effects of alcoholism (Ruben, 2008, p. 6). Ruben (2008) further describes the ACOA as “an adult who is trapped in the fears and reactions of a child, and a child who was forced to be an adult without going through the natural stages that result in a healthy adult” (p. 8). As this definition suggests, an ACOA’s social, emotional and possibly physical development may have been hampered as a result of being raised in an alcoholic household. Without some type of intervention, it is likely the negative characteristics and behavior patterns from childhood will carry forward into adulthood (Woititz, 1983, p. 50); luckily, therapy has proven effective at helping ACOAs heal themselves and move on with their adult lives.

History of the ACOA movement

In American society, the subject of alcoholism has been examined from many different points of view. From a moralistic perspective, people engaging in the abuse of alcohol are thought to be of weak character and lacking will power. From a medical perspective, alcoholism came to be understood as a disease process. In 1966, the American Medical Association accepted a resolution stating, “alcoholism is recognized as a serious major health problem throughout the land; therefore be it resolved, that the American Medical Association identifies alcoholism as a complex disease and as such recognizes that the medical components are medicines’ responsibility” (Black, 2009, p. 9). While the resolution was passed in 1966, according to Rhoden and Robinson (2009), it was not until the late 1980s that the majority of the population accepted alcoholism as a disease (p. 13). Meanwhile, in the 1970s, researchers and clinicians in the alcohol treatment field began to treat alcoholism as a disease reaching beyond the alcoholic.

In the mid-1970s, Janet Woititz, author of Adult Children of Alcoholics, was working on her doctoral dissertation on self-esteem in children of alcoholics. Through her research and her own family’s experience living with an alcoholic husband and father, Ms. Woititz began to consider the impact of alcoholism on the entire family unit. At the time, she was involved with Al-Anon, a self-help support group for friends and family members of alcoholics. She realized that some members of the group were having difficulty relating to the discussions because they were not currently living with someone actively involved in alcoholism. Through the meetings, she learned many members were dealing with issues from their childhood stemming from parental alcohol abuse.

In the 1980s, Ms. Woitiz began a group specifically for ACOAs. With the information gained from two years of managing the ACOA group, Ms. Woititz wrote the bookAdult Children of Alcoholicsin which she describes the issues and difficulties experienced by ACOAs. More and more interest on this topic was generated, and a proliferation of self-help books and group meetings became available. At the same time, other researchers and clinicians were involved in the birth of the ACOA movement. While the movement gained much support, it also gained its share of detractors. According to Black (2009), some complained the ACOA movement was an excuse to shirk responsibility for one’s behavior (p. 70). Fortunately, the movement has weathered such criticism. During a lecture on children of alcoholics,Woititz (1983) eloquently stated, “The child of an alcoholic has no age. The same things hold true if you are 5 or 55” (p. xiii).

Characteristics of ACOAs

ACOAs comprise a large and diverse segment of the population in the United States. One study suggested up to 22 million adults in this country were reared in a family with at least one alcoholic parent (Sher, 2009, para. 4). Because ACOAs are such a diverse group, researchers caution against grouping ACOAs in one broad category. Sher (2009) asserted that the difficulty in making generalizations about ACOAs stems from the fact that alcoholics are themselves diverse, thereby creating very different home environments for their children. As a result, each ACOA likely acquires different coping and behavior styles that carry over into adulthood (para. 5). With this in mind, gleaning information from clinicians who have worked directly with ACOAs is crucial. In her book, Adult Children of Alcoholics,Woititz(1983) outlined13 characteristics of ACOAs she found in common among members of her ACOA group (p. 22). These characteristics may not apply to all ACOAs; however, many of these characteristics continue to appear in books and journal articles on the subject

As with other types of dysfunctional families, many ACOAs grew up in chaotic, stressful households. Children in alcoholic and other dysfunctional families learn to obey the following rules as a means of survival: do not talk, do not trust, do not feel, do not think, and do not ask questions (Black, 2009, p. 13; Copans, 2009, p. 21; Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 41). These rules allow the family to continue functioning without addressing the alcoholism.

Family Relationships

Family systems

One way to conceptualize alcoholism as a family disease is to view the disease from a family systems perspective. Family systems theory was derived from general systems theory, which can be described asa way of thinking about the world in which objects are interrelated with one another (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 3). Just as computers, biology and medicine can each be regarded as integrated systems, so can families. From the family systems perspective, the family is viewed as a unit or system rather than a group of individual members. Attention is given to the functioning and interactional dynamics within the family system.

Included in the dynamics of the family system are subsystems, which can be composed of a parental subsystem and a sibling subsystem. Additionally, alliances and coalitions can be formed within the family system. An alliance can be defined as a subsystem of two or more family members based on a common interest. A coalition, on the other hand, can be viewed as a triangular relationship where one family member sides with another family member against a third member (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 45). These subsystems can be dissolved and recreated depending upon the situation the family is facing. The subsystems include the parental subsystem, the sibling subsystem and the subsystems existing between parents and children. All together, these subsystems create the dynamics that play into the functioning of the family system.

In addition to the attention given to the family system itself, attention is also given to how the family interacts and relates with the larger and broader systems outside of the family, such as community, work, school and church (Sharf, 2009, p. 56). When a parent drinks, the behavior affects every member of the household and how the members relate to those beyond the boundaries of the family system. These effects occur through mutual influence, which stresses that whatever happens to one part of the family system affects every other member of that system (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 62). Applying a . . .

Paper continues here

References

Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. (2008, January). Retrieved from http://www.ncadd.org/facts/problems.html

Black, C. (2009). Double duty: Dual dynamics within the chemically dependent home. New York: Ballantine Books.

Copans, S. (2009). The invisible family member: Children in families with alcohol abuse. In L. Combrinck-Graham (Ed.), Children in family contexts: Perspectives on treatment (pp. 277-298). New York: Guilford Press.

Kingree, J.B., & Thompson, M. (2010, March). A test with adult children of alcoholics with personal substance abuse problems. American Journal of Psychology, 28(3), 325. doi:10.1037/a0016248/93472394ajp099

Office of Applied Studies. (2008, March 9). Substance abuse and mental health statistics. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/oas.html

Rhoden, J.L., & Robinson, B.E. (2009). Working with children of alcoholics: The practitioner’s handbook. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ruben, D.H. (2008). Treating adult children of alcoholics: A behavioral approach. New York: Academic Press.

Sharf, R.S. (2009). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases.NewYork: Brooks/Cole.

Sher, K. (2009). Psychological characteristics of children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21(3), 247. Retrieved from CINAHL Premier database.

Woititz, J.G. (1983). Adult children of alcoholics. Florida: Health Communications, Inc.

MOTIVATING FACTORS TO STUDYING PHYSIO-THERAPY

Being a physiotherapist has always been a desire since my dad developed high blood pressure. He was advised to be exercising because lack of exercise was one of the reasons why the high blood pressure was present in his body. from the time he began exercising I could not be left out because I was his child and he loved me so much. He had already suffered a lot and was not willing to extend his suffering by having me share in his problems when I grew up. Therefore he decided that I had to exercise with him. however, during the time of the exercises, I realized I had a passion for becoming a medical doctor and therefore I did not know how to exercise that is athletics could merge with medicine. Therefore I kept on researching more and with time I got to know that it is possible to be a physical therapist. In my school, I would be the person to help those who got hurt due to their exercises and especially in football most of the friendly matches.

I got the interest to help more in the sporting activities and I even volunteered with organizations that were focused on making sure that there was someone to look after those who got hurt during physical activities. Therefore this is how my interest grew. It was, even more, when I realized that my dad got healed completely after continued exercise as the doctor had advised him. I decided to take the same route because even though it has many other types of treatment physical fitness is one of the concerns and this plays a significant role. Therefore my friends at school and my family at home were the major motivating factors towards my desire to study physiotherapy.

CELL PHONE POLICY FOR THE CLEAN MARTS COMPANY

The Clean Mart Company has got a policy on the use of cell phones that indicates the general rules and guidelines on the use of the company’s and personal cell phones within the work hours. The policy has got a main purpose of helping all the employees in benefiting from the multiple advantageous us of the cell. On the other hand, it is designed to minimize accidents, distractions and any other disadvantageous cause that can be brought by improper use of this gadget. The policy does not sideline any employee and so applies to all the staff members.

Cell Phone Use Guidelines

The guidelines named below on the proper cell phone use during work hours are to be used in The Clean Mart Company by all the employees. To be precise, cell phones should not be used if they can pose any safety or security risk and can cause distraction

The employers shall not be allowed to:

Use the cameras and voice recorders in their phones to record and store any company’s confidential information.

Use the cell phone when while they are driving a company’s vehicle.

Make private cell phone calls during work hours

Use the phones in some prohibited areas (e.g the laboratory)

Play games on the phones within the working hours

Upload or download illegal, obscene and inappropriate materials using a company’s cell phone

Use personal phones to handle work tasks

Use the cell phones when in a meeting

Use the cell phones when operating any equipment

We also recognize that the cell phones, when used correctly are an integral part of our work life today.

We therefore encourage our employees to use the cell phone to:

Receive and make calls related to work in the appropriate situation and place

Carry out research related to work

Store work related files

Keep track of appointments

Use the cell for any other work related communication e.g emailing and text messages

Use productivity applications

Disciplinary Consequences

The improper use of the cell phones will lead to an automatic disciplinary action. If an employee’s inappropriate use of their cell phones leads to the decline in productivity or distraction, this will lead to a revoke of the cell phone privileges.

Employees may face a severe punishment like termination in case the use of their cell phones leads to; harassment, cause security bleach, cause accidents and also violates the company’s confidentiality policy.

Sustainable Resources

Name

Institution

Sustainable Resources

Question 3

Causes of global warming

Global warming refer to an issue of increased release of carbon dioxide in the air that creates a blanket which traps heat and causes warming of the earth. When human beings burn fossil such as oil, natural gas, coal for energy burn, and cut down trees in forests to make plantations and pastures carbon dioxide accumulates in atmosphere and becomes overloaded. In addition, some agricultural practices and waste management causes the problem through release of global warming gases like nitrous oxide and methane. Carbon dioxide puts human being at risk of permanent alterations if it continues to accumulate uncontrolled in atmosphere. This is probably going to happen if global economy continues to depend on fossils like oil, coal and natural gases for energy needs. The good thing is that since as human beings are the ones causing global warming so we may also try to alleviate this problem ourselves through avoiding large emitting of these gases. Anthropogenic change in climate result from greenhouse gases production and emission through human activities. These activities have increased percentage of greenhouse gases in air that has skyrocketed in the past hundred years.

Question 4.

Environmental laws passed in the early 1970s. That is clean air act, clean water act and endangered species act. In relationship to the ecosystem service and function.

Clean Air Act

The law was amended in 1963 due to an incident “Donora death fog” in Donora that killed 20 people leaving over 600 citizens diagnosed with severe ailment. The same smog was witnessed in Los Angeles where all regions were covered. The incident forced pupils to stay at home, as over 2000 accidents of automobile occurred in a day. Doctors from Los Angeles combined their effort in treating casualties who were hurt because of smog complex. The symptoms ranged from headaches, nausea, cough and irritated eyes. This led to America nation in need of clean air, which led to principle law announcing air pollution like emissions of Carbon dioxide. The 1970 amendment of phase out lead in connection with gasoline was passed. The pollution measurement standards improved leading to improvement of the act. The act was purposed to be dynamic statute and not freeze in time. This act saved more lives and made society to be safe for everyone.

Endangered Species Act

The law focused on nonhuman life values. It consists two categories threatened species and endangered species. Endangered species were viewed as being at extinction brink now while threatened species is expected in brink in near future.

US wildlife and fish service claimed that the act was suitable to endangered species while law provisions supported their urge that it contained all nonhuman species. There was a theory by Chemists in 1970 that CFC molecules might be split separate by radiation of solar in production of chlorine atoms that might destroy ozone layer. This led to introduction of Montreal protocol to help in prevention of Co2 entering the atmosphere of Earth yearly thus delaying catastrophe of climate over 7 years.

Clean Water Act

America’s systems of fresh water involving streams, rivers and lakes in 1970s were polluted with sewers. In 1969, the fire incident was witnessed on the river of Ohio Cuyahoga due to Oil sick that brought attention to all nations. The incident was awareness change to the nation. This led to President Nixon to sign the act of Clean Water in 1972. The law addressed on quality standards of water in country’s waterways. The rule led to existence of Environmental protection Agency.

Question 5

The most important thing I have learned in this course is that we human being ought to conserve our environment. For example in case of global warming, human activity leads to it. If human beings can be in a position to control activities that results in greenhouse gases then they will be in a position to reduce global warming. The environment is key to our survival thus we need to conserve it

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

Name:

Professor:

Institution:

Course:

Date:

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

Adult learning is one of the key elements that should always be inconsideration whenever a country is talking about regional development. The title of the article being reviewed is on the review of the book, “Globalization, diversity, and the search for culturally relevant models for adult education.” By Patricia K Kubow, from the University of Bowling Green Sate. The article implies that there are a lot of individuals who are interested in advancing their career on the advancement in vocational and adult education. Therefore, it suggests that they should be able to understand that the curriculum is changing and they also have to advance in this field. From the article, one will realize that there are a lot of scholars who also support this new approach for then curriculum change. It is for this reason that the article caught my attention as it looks at how the curriculum advancement is adopted globally. This is not only done in the US but also among the Asian countries.

The article breaks down the parts and the chapters in the book. In that in the first part of the book that has got three chapters is titled “curriculum development in the global context.” In this chapter, one is made to understand that there is a great influence in adult learning in relation to the demographic. It suggests that different demographic require different approaches in adult learning. Moreover, the article implies that the reason for this is that people from different communities in the world have different perception on adult learning so it is better if they can be made to learn in the manner in which they feel comfortable. This is one of the best approaches that can be suggested to everybody who is concerned about the adult learning. This approach can be supported because of the multicultural literature in the world has affected people having the adult learning program. Therefore, if they are made to learn in the culture that they can relate to, it can be made easy for them to learn. The learners will also be comfortable as they will interpret the learning experience in their own world. The article also makes it clear that the marginalization of the adult learners is always made possible if there is a democratic learning environment that they can relate to.

From the article, one will be able to understand that the interest of adult learners is based socio-cultural context which explained throughout the remaining part of the article. This can be said to be one of the reason why it should be taken into consideration in the field of adult education since it is believed that this approach can help in the marginalization of adult learning across the whole globe. This approach can also be made possible to the immigrants of different countries. Most of the immigrants always need to be oriented in the educational system of their host country that is why they have to go back to learn. Therefore this approach would appropriate for them to gain knowledge. Moreover, adult education is always very essential to the individuals from developing countries that have a chance of joining the developed countries. Therefore, if the approach can be taken, the learner will have a problem of coping with the host learning system due to cultural shock.

In addition, this article relates to the trends of our time whereby the global world is working hard to ensure that literacy is made possible to everybody. Therefore, this approach is one of the elements that will make it clear that illiteracy is being eradicated all over the world. Moreover, people are made to learn in relation to what they already know. It is difficult to make individuals in the third world to learn and cope up with the thing that are happening in the first world nation. That is why they will be in a position to learn from the things that they can relate to and understand better.

References

Bentley, T. (1998) Learning beyond the Classroom: Education for a changing world, London: Routledge.

Courtney, S. (2009) ‘Defining adult and continuing education’ in S. B. Merriam and P. M. Cunningham (eds.) Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Source of the article

http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=internationaleducation&sei-redir=1#search=%22Adult%20Education%20Adult%20Learning%20Development%20-%20Globalization%22

Motivation And Management Philosophy

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Motivation and Plans for Pursuing a Career in Public Administration PAGEREF _Toc379625549 h 1Management Philosophy PAGEREF _Toc379625550 h 2Philosophy of Building the Commitment PAGEREF _Toc379625551 h 2

Introduction

Motivation is simply the desire to doing things as well as setting the elements for attaining the goals of organizations. Public Administration is the implementation criteria used by the civil servants in official frameworks of executive government. This paper tries to examine ways of planning and how to pursue a career in Public Administration as well as the management philosophies used by run the organization.

Motivation and Plans for Pursuing a Career in Public AdministrationWhen planning to pursue a career in the public Administration, one should answer some questions concerning the course chosen and these questions should be included in the planning. The first thing is the public service incentives or motivations. Most people choose a career in the public services as their careers because they want to be different from other people by making significant contributions to the society. This type of motivation should not be unnoticed since making of contributions to the society is the most significant basis of satisfaction to the professionals for the public service. Therefore, these people should always ask themselves what they should do to make differences in the society.

One should also have plans in knowing the areas strengths, by finding that one can do what one likes most; this can be something, which is taking an advantage of one’s strength extremely valued by employers. One should also know the resources that exist in pursuing the career in Public Administration.

Management PhilosophyIntroduction

Management philosophy is a set of different ideas about the best management practices. Management is an art of mobilizing people in order for them to do the best by achieving the success. The following points stated below are some of my understanding about management philosophy.

Organization can be said to be effective when it balances both the effectiveness as well as, efficiency this is by doing right things as well as by getting those right things. Also, the effectiveness of the company can rely on striking the balances between preserving as well as producing productions.

Functioning of the organization to their best is also a philosophy of management that ensures the best performance of the organization. In this case, everyone should share missions as well as visions in an organization. People are effective on how they are doing their jobs as evidenced that organization’s personnel do perform a complete job.

Philosophy of Building the CommitmentThe other management philosophy that I know of is the philosophy of building the commitment. Since, commitments are known to be an accomplishment of the set goals in an organization by a willing, coercion as well as, force. An important to the development commitment is the involvement by participating in decision making in the organization.

Combining the competent management by means of effective leadership. It is highly possible for effective managers to succeed through proper management. This can be done by combining both management as well as leadership skills.

The last philosophy of management that I know of is the philosophy of managers as well as supervisors having the appropriate skills mixed together hence quicker decision making. The skills require here involves the technical, human and the conceptual skills. The technical skills are for specific people, for example, the managers who contribute to the planning as well as administrations, which include the gathering of information, analyzing them, solving of the problems and time management in the organization.

Motivation is closely related to grit, attention, and anxiety. In the case of Tonnie, they may have the right motivation to pay attention during learning, yet anxiety may decrease this motivation. Receiving feedback or rewards for actions usually increases the chance that said action will be repeated. As such, I propose the use of rewards in extrinsic motivation and the use of cognitive approaches dealing with intrinsic motivation. For these two approaches, the focus is on rewards and goals. The attempt to correlate these elements together will increase the likelihood of a better performance from Tonnie.

Intrinsic motivation happens when learners are engaged due to internal rewards. For example, in Tonnie’s case, the love of a particular subject or style of learning may increase learning. The student may have learnt to value learning due to the merits received regardless of other external factors. Tonnie may have loved the style of learning used in the previous year, thus increasing motivation for that year and reducing it for the current year because of the changes to styles used. Extrinsic motivation is any form of learning as a result of external factors. Tonnie may be motivated to learn in order to pass tests or to gain rewards, and even avoid punishment. However, this form of learning is short lived and is not suggested for Tonnie. Therefore, in terms of intrinsic motivation, it is suggested that this year’s teacher find ways to reward Tonnie internally. For example, finding out what Tonnie likes and the preferred method of learning could help to boost motivation. It could be coupled with extrinsic motivation in the short term including rewards through recognition of improvement and other rewards.

In the cognitive motivation view, it is proposed that a self-efficacy theory approach would work well for Tonnie. Self-efiicacy points to a personal belief that one has the capability execute any course of action required for certain performances. It is a task-specific approach of developing self-confidence. The theory highlights the ability of an individual to control their own motivation, social environment, and behavior in order to impact on their learning. Therefore, one’s sense of individual belief plays a major role in how they approach goals, challenges, and tasks. In the development of personality, this theory looks at the cognitive elements that dictate how an individual interprets their own abilities against their social environment. therefore, in addition to the proposed interests and drives from both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Tonnie could be motivated through his/her own self belief in the ability to achieve to personal capacities.

Therefore, it is likely that Tonnie’s change in performance is due to a lack of motivation. It could also mean that the motivations in place do not work as expected. Therefore, I propose that the instrinsic/extrinsic perspective be used to increase motivation. It would also lead to findings on what interests Tonnie to perform. As a result, the self-efficacy theory would then be applied to ensure that Tonnie is aware and believes in his/her ability to achieve whatever tasks and challenges the new year demands. This latter cognitive approach will lead to personally developed perceptions. It would lead to better choice of tasks and approaches used to motivate Tonnie, including a better understanding of what could motivate learning. Since motivation is closely related to grit, attention, and anxiety, these two approaches are likely to create a situation where Tonnie’s situation is better diagnosed. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic factors would work to make sure Tonnie understands the need to change. Then the self-efficacy theory would be applied to develop self perceptions that would ensure that learning occurs in an internal environment that is better for performance.

A man’s perspective

Adolescents who commit crimes should not be treated the same as adult offenders. This is because the maturity level of the two groups of people is different. Adults are more mature than adolescents and thus understand the consequence of their actions. Moreover, a teenage brain is not well developed like that of an adult. The absence of proper development of the adolescents brains, increases the likelihood of them committing crimes is very high. Since they have not developed well, sentencing them to adult prisons is likely to make them violent rather than deter them. If a teenager commits a crime, they should be rehabilitated to make them learn the evil associated with crime and how best to avoid it. Mental functions adolescent have been proven scientifically through the use of multiple testing like the MRI. The results of these tests have shown that teens have completely very different reactions to reason in stressful as well as fearful circumstances. Even though they are capable of doing the same crimes just like adults, underdevelopment of the an organ called amygdala in the brain causes teens to act more based on impulse and their reactions are through emotion rather than based on good reasoning. This therefore means that kids should have a separate court from that of adult offenders.

The treatment of the adolescent and adult offenders should not be the same even after considering the magnitude of the offence in question. This is because regardless of the magnitude of the crime, the circumstances present in the mind of an adolescent is the same regardless the nature of the crime he is engaging in. It would be very unreasonable to separate the crimes into two groups to either treat them as adults or not. What should be considered is the type of sentence that could be imposed in different circumstances.

A woman’s perspective

We should ask ourselves why kids below 14 and 15 years are not allowed to take alcohol, drive, and smoke, watch pornography, participate in voting, as well as enter into sexual relationship. Such kids cannot also enter into contracts that are legally binding. The reason for this state of affairs is that they dot glimpse the consequences of their actions and that they cannot be able to handle decisions just as well as an adult would do. If then we insist on treating them as adults, we should remove the above restriction as it is the only logical step to undertake. Adolescent brain is particularly very complicated to be understood. This means that a child’s prefrontal lobe is not fully developed until the child reaches early adult hood. This part of the brain coordinates the ability of a person to reason as well as be able to weigh the consequences of their decisions. This part also delays the gratification to make careful choices short-term as well as long-term ones. Children as compared to adults are less blameworthy. This is obvious especially in adolescence stage. In their bid to struggle with their immaturity as well as their decision-making ability which is undeveloped, impulsivity, absence of future orientation and likelihood of being caught in bad peer pressure, they are likely to make irrational decisions. These circumstances should therefore serve as mitigating factors for adolescents. It is true that children can differentiate right and wrong. However, they often opt for the wrong because of not considering the consequences that are bound to occur. This is because Children do not have the ability to appreciate fully the consequences of their action in the long run. This explains why teenagers engage in risky behaviors.

However, adolescent offenders should be treated as adults if they commit violent crimes. This is because these are crimes of big magnitude. For such big crimes, there should be put in place a system of hearing the case and to then make a as to whether they should be tried as adults or teenagers. The decision should be me after considering the basis of their intent. Crimes like murder rape as well as domestic violence should be treated the same for all offenders regardless of whether they are children or adults. Lesser degree crimes like theft should be tried in juvenile courts. For someone to form intent to kill someone it means they are fully aware of what they are doing and the kind of harm they are occasioning to the victim.

Reference

Kail, R. V. Cavanaugh, J. C. (2008). Human Development: A Life-Span View. Malden. M. A. United States. Cengage Learning;

Jada Miller

Professor Hulsey

American Literature

04 April 2022

Motherly Love

A mother smothers love for her child is an unconditional word that cannot express the amount of pain and sacrifices a single mother makes for her family. During the early 1900s, African Americans struggled every day to live. African Americans lived under a white man and were forced to work every day for a small amount. A black woman was continuously raped, abused, abducted from family, and constantly treated like scum on a shoe. The story “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker isolates many issues women had during this dark time frame. The ongoing battle African Americans faced daily contributed to the primary goal of seeking change within society. If change was not appearing, hatred began to build within one another, leading many African Americans to turn on friends and family. In the story “Everyday Use”, the reader witnesses a mother struggling to build a relationship with her very stubborn daughter. The narrator’s unconditional love for her daughter in the story “Everyday Use” helps demonstrate how hard single mothers worked for their families CITATION STK13 l 1033 (S.).

Growing up during racial segregation created fear and anger within the black community. Many African Americans were in disbelief that their skin colour was the reason behind the whites’ inhumane behavior. African Americans suffered daily and were left traumatized for the rest of their lives. Nearly impossible for black people to support themselves because they did not have any rights at this time. The only thing they had was a slave number that was confidential to the enslaver if they were interested in selling their slaves. Growing up, black children did not understand why they were mistreated—experiencing white children inexpensive clothing and shoes while they had to wear rags and shoes with holes and splinters inside of them. African Americans desired the life of a white family. They only dreamed about owning their own house and being able to provide for their family without having any problems. The narrator in the story “Everyday Use” did everything to create a better life for her children. She worked all day to have enough money for her kids to attend school and have an education. In the story, she states, “I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing”. She was a hard-working woman dedicated to making a change for her family. The journal article helps provide essential information on the mental state of a black woman. Studies show that all the heartache and pain black women receive due to the harsh environments they were brought into made them stronger and motivated them to strive for a better life. Through all the obstacles the narrator experienced, such as losing a house that she worked hard for due to a fire, she remained positive and overcame everything that came her way. The short story helps educate readers that African Americans did not have any handouts in life, and everything they had was worked hard for. Throughout the year, black women have proven that they are compatible with being successful in society and have gained the respect that they deserve CITATION Cow96 l 1033 (Cowart).

Relationships between black families were not always perfect. Despite the many challenges they faced with one another, many families slowly grew apart. Perhaps in the story “Everyday Use”, the narrator’s daughter was eager for a change. Dee was an intelligent young lady, and her physical appearance was nothing to be ashamed of. She manifested in gold and glory all her life and did not want to continue to live the way she did. As she grew older, she began to teach herself how to fit in with the rich properly. Shortly, she realized that her mother and sister were content in their way of living, and she began to disown her own family. She was very disrespectful towards her mother and sister. Through all of Dee’s aggressive episodes, her mother was baffled about why her daughter acted this way. The mother said, “Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort”—imagining how life would be if she could positively reunite with her daughter and go back to how their relationship used to be. The journal article reinstates how a mother and daughter relationship can be a hassle, and there would be a phase when a daughter and the mother do not speak for months at a time CITATION von96 l 1033 (von Ammon).

Due to all the trauma Dee faced at a young age; she is permanently scarred. She always faced adversity from society and racial slurs from opinionated people during her childhood. Dee was eager for a change because she did not want to relive her past life. The journal article defines mental health and coping mechanisms. The article states that many people tend to run away from their problems and create a new life for themselves. So they do not have to worry about any issues they had in their past lives. While the narrator anxiously wanted her daughter back, Dee created a new life for herself, so she could not go through the same pain she did as a child CITATION Moo16 l 1033 (Moore).

An average black family did not have much to live off of. They worked with the little they had and somewhat of the knowledge they received. African Americans lives were a bit easier because of the lessons their ancestors taught them. Their ancestors taught them how to cook, clean, make clothing, and cure many illnesses. In the story “Everyday Use”, the narrator was on a strict budget, so her family would be well cared for. Instead of building expensive bedding and blankets, the women would make quilts out of cheap fabric. Even though the fabric was cheap, the quilts were beautiful and much appreciated by the families. The narrator had many quilts, each with a different meaning behind them. Making quilts for the family was a part of the culture and was non-replaceable. Making quilts for your family to stay warm at night took many weeks to receive the final product. The quilts held so much importance within families that they could lead to a disagreement. The story quotes, “She held the quilts securely in her arms stroking them”. They were begging the narrator for the quilt because of its meaning. Dee’s quilt was begging for was made by her grandma, who passed away. Journal articles help give the reader an idea of how deep the black culture is and how important certain items are. African American culture is profound and spiritual, even though some black families have experienced a rough patch. The family has always been important to the black community because during this time that is all they had was each other. In the short story, the author explains how hard a black mother works to make a way despite the circumstance. In the story, the quilt symbolizes determination, love, and willingness to grind so that she and her children can be comfortable with life CITATION Whi00 l 1033 (Whitsitt).

The story “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker gives the reader an intake of real-life struggles African Americans had to face. Society was against them because of their skin colour. They also had problems in their personal life. No matter how hard life got and how bad the narrator was treated by her kids, she never gave up. She never stopped loving and caring for her child, even though Dee did not appreciate her mother’s sacrifices. The narrator never asked for pity through all the trials and tribulations; all she wanted was to understand why people acted the way they did towards her and her people. This story is very significant to the black community because many do not indeed go into detail on the life of an African American woman. Black women are very powerful; they are the queens of society and deserve all the respect they receive CITATION Val21 l 1033 (Valdez).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cowart, D. ” Heritage and deracination in walker’s “everyday use, .” Studies in Short Fiction (1996): 171-184. print . http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/heritage-deracination-walkers-everyday-use/docview/195681019/se-2?accountid=12808

Moore, J. R. V. “African american quilting and the art of being human: Theological aesthetics and womanist theological anthropology.” Anglican Theological Review, (2016): 457-478. print . http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/african-american-quilting-art-being-human/docview/1809013759/se-2?accountid=12808

S., T.K. “Womanism in the select works of alice walker (Order No. 27732536).” Available from ProQuest One Literature (2013). http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/womanism-select-works-alice-walker/docview/2345931375/se-2?accountid=12808 http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/scribbling-women-race-gender-womanhood-nineteenth/docview/2572576777/se-2?accountid=12808

Valdez, J. (). “Scribbling women? race, gender, and womanhood in nineteenth-century american Women’s literature.” (2021). http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/scribbling-women-race-gender-womanhood-nineteenth/docview/2572576777/se-2?accountid=12808

von Ammon, J. L. “A selection of alice walker’s women:.” Ancestry, community, and the spirit (1996). print . http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/selection-alice-walkers-women-ancestry-community/docview/304300613/se-2?accountid=12808

Whitsitt, S. “In spite of it all:.” A reading of alice walker’s “everyday use”.African American Review (2000): 443-459. print . http://ezproxy.nmjc.edu:2048/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/spite-all-reading-alice-walkers-everyday-use/docview/209803042/se-2?accountid=12808

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Causes and Effects of Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking refers to the act of crime when children, women, and children are involved in forceful sex acts commercially. It is estimated that a total of 4.5million people in the world are victims of commercial sex, while any minor in the united states in any commercial activity is considered a victim of sex trafficking. The traffickers use false promises as bait worldwide, which enables the sex traffickers to enslave their victims (Kempadoo et al, 2015). The victims include people living in marginalized areas subjected to typical political and economic poverty. Thus, the indigenous population lacks essential services such as education, making them vulnerable to sex trafficking. This paper seeks to explore the various causes of sex trafficking and the effects it has on the individuals and the countries involved in the trade worldwide.

The primary cause of sex trafficking is traffickers. However, the environmental conditions, poverty, immigration policy, fractured families, lack of education, and excellent job opportunities are the significant vulnerabilities that enable the traffickers worldwide to exploit their victims. The traffickers will obtain profit by forcing people to work as prostitutes is a considerable challenge (Weitzer, 2007 pg447-475). The significant difficulties in sex trafficking vary from one country to another. However, political conditions, war, social and cultural practices, and leaving nations with poverty to gain wealth are some of the conditions that and circumstances that enable sex traffickers o prey their victims.

First, many of the victims are in situations they want to escape, hence risking everything in their lives to escape poverty. This factor creates a chance for the traffickers to lure them and transport to another country by promising to offer stability and jobs during the recruitment process. On arrival to a new state, the traffickers take charge and hold the victims against their wills in places they did not want to make their dwelling (Sethi, 2007 pg 225-244). In other circumstances, parents sell their children intending to better their lives by offering more opportunities. Secondly, political instability, civil unrest, militarism, and generalized violence in a country increase the chances of trafficking occurring. This condition destabilizes and scatters the entire population in the country, increasing the chances of vulnerability amongst the people to abuse through forced labor and trafficking or unfair treatments.

Furthermore, a war involving armed conflicts in a country can lead to a massive displacement of people forcefully. Through war, many children lose their families, rendering them orphans, which create vulnerability in them. Also, the cultural and social practices in different societies differ as others tend to abuse, devalue, and exploit girls and women through creating a hazardous living condition (Baker et al, 2014 pg 208-226). The modest opportunities and value placed on these women, it creates vulnerability in them, which makes them the right target for sex trafficking. Thus, these significant factors in society have been witnessed in many countries, and eradicating the matter is difficult since the rot lies in the entire community.

Sex trafficking has an enormous impact on the mental and physical well-being of many women all over the world. Most of the women and men involved in sex trafficking end up participating in forced prostitution in the pornography industry. Thus, research shows that physical assault and sexual violence are the norms for all the women involved in the different types of prostitution (Kotiswaran, 2014 pg 353). Furthermore, health problems include sleeplessness, a frequent illness caused by viruses, vaginal infections, stomach aches, STDs, depression, eating disorders, and backaches. Mood disorders such as depression and dissociation and post-traumatic stress are consequences of prostitution.

Furthermore, research has also revealed that women that have been inducted into the world of prostitution have a high risk of being murdered. In other cases, victims are tortured and subjected to psychological and physical illnesses and injuries, respectively. Stockholm syndrome is another mental disorder common among the victims of sex trafficking. This syndrome refers to the traumatic bonding where the victims experience difficulty in leaving the abuser. The victims use this syndrome as a survival mechanism in the process, attaching them to their abuser. Furthermore, the victims become paranoid about leaving their abusers with the fear of being killed or physically harmed (Bonthuys et al, 2012 pg 11-29). Also, other victims attach to their abuse for a sense of security, clothes, food, and shelter. Others display the act done by their abusers as receptive by demeaning their behavior by considering the worst situation they could have been subjected to and evaded.

In conclusion, sex trafficking is a menace that has profoundly affected women and children mainly across the world. The efforts to eradicate it has been fateful with traffickers forming new ways of trapping and transporting their victims.

Works Cited

Baker, Carrie N. “An intersectional analysis of sex trafficking films.” Meridians 12.1 (2014): 208-226.

Bonthuys, Elsje. “The 2010 football world cup and the regulation of sex work in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 38.1 (2012): 11-29.

Kempadoo, Kamala, Jyoti Sanghera, and Bandana Pattanaik. Trafficking and prostitution reconsidered: New perspectives on migration, sex work, and human rights. Routledge, 2015.

Kotiswaran, Prabha. “Beyond Sexual Humanitarianism: A Postcolonial Approach to Anti-Trafficking Law.” UC Irvine L. Rev. 4 (2014): 353.

Sethi, Anupriya. “Domestic sex trafficking of Aboriginal girls in Canada: Issues and implications.” First Peoples Child & Family Review 14.1 (2007): 225-244.

Weitzer, Ronald. “The social construction of sex trafficking: Ideology and institutionalization of a moral crusade.” Politics & Society 35.3 (2007): 447-475.