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Needs and Motivation

Motivation is a difficult topic. A number of approaches try to explain how motivation works. In management, the most known descriptions of motivation in regards to needs of the employees. There are factors that motivate a person; these factors are found within a person. However, there are other factors outside the person can also have effects on the person. Every person has needs that he or she wants to be satisfied. All people have needs that they want satisfied. In management, there are several theories of motivation and needs (Cliffs Notes 1). This essay will discuss the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory and how it is applied in Southwest according to the “People” section of 2011 Southwest One Report.

Maslow was and industrial psychologist who studied human behavior. He said that human needs can be arranged in a hierarchy as individuals progress from the lower level to the higher level needs. Individuals would be motivated to fulfill whichever needs were important to them at a given time. These needs include self-actualization needs, Ego/esteem needs, socio-affiliation needs, safety/security needs, and physiological needs (Lauby 1).

The Southwest satisfies the physiological needs of their employees by putting them first and offering them an opportunity to pursue good health. The need for safety and security is catered for by creating financial security for the employees. The socio-affiliation needs are taken care of by allowing employees to travel and socialize, have fun and stay connected. Making a positive difference caters for the ego and self-esteem needs of the employees. Self-actualization needs are met by allowing employees to learn and grow, create and innovate, and work hard to achieve their goals. The Southwest’s way, of motivating employees, is a good one and if I were one of its employees I would be positively motivated to work harder. I would work to achieve both personal and organizational goals. Putting employees first is a good way of motivation.

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Benefits of Open Adoption

Adoption is a sensitive topic. Biological parents may give up their children for different reasons, for the state may take children away from their parents when they find it necessary. The main reason why children are separated from their parents is when their parents can no longer care for them adequately or when they have suffered some form of abuse while with their parents. In any case, giving up or losing a child is often a painful process for a parent. These children still need a loving home and parents to care for them, which is where adoption comes in. individuals or couples who feel the desire to adopt a child goes through official processes where they are vetted. If approved, they choose which child or children they would like to adopt. Millions of children have found loving homes in their adoptive families, a happy ending to often difficult situations. Despite the many positives of adoption, one primary concern is the grief process that both birth parents and children experience after the adoption is complete.

The New York Times published a story on the grief and pain around adoption. Steve Inskeep, the author of the story, was adopted fifty years ago. He was happy with his new parents and grew up to be a responsible adult, and he adopted a child as well. During the adoption process for his daughter, the social workers told him that the child might have questions about her birth parents. The child was from China, and it was natural that she would want to know more about her origins when she was older (Inskeep 1). This information brought up similar feelings that Steve had while growing up. At the back of his mind, he always wondered who his birth parents had been and why they had given him up for adoption. However, at that time, many states In the US kept adoption records a secret, reasoning that it would be best for all parties involved. For Steve, this secrecy gnawed at him and made him want to know his story even more.

Steve’s story is not unique. Naturally, any child would want to know who their birth parents were, no matter how happy they are with their adoptive parents. Steve had accepted the fact that he would never know anything about his birth parents as most states, including Indiana, where he was adopted, had a closed adoption policy. His daughter’s story inspired him to keep trying, and he got a break when Indiana changed its adoption law and allowed adoption parties to obtain information about each other. Steve explains that he would never want his daughter kept in the dark as he was about her birth parents. He knows from personal experience how lost he felt, not knowing his birth story. He has met many people whose lives were severely affected by their adoption and struggled to come to terms with their situation. Every child deserves to know their birth story if they wish; it helps with their feelings of self-identity. For those children who wonder why their birth parents abandoned them, learning more about their birth situation would help them resolve their issues and understand what happened.

Many birth mothers struggle to give up their children for adoption, though they may be forced to do so due to unavoidable circumstances. Just like Steve, not knowing where their children is a difficult situation for birth mothers. Closed adoption rules further complicate the situation as mothers have no way of comforting themselves with the idea that they made the right decision giving up their children. Lisa Krahn and Richard Sullivan explore how open adoptions reduce the grief that birth mothers experience letting go of their children. The process of giving up parental rights is a significant psychological burden on birth parents (Krahn & Sullivan 29). These parents then have to go through the process of mourning their child who is still alive. They wonder if they made the rights decision if their child would hate them for their decision, and who their child might grow up to be. Open adoptions make the grieving process easier, knowing that they can see their child or find out about them when they choose to. Open adoption leaves a channel of connection open, giving birth parents the comfort of knowing where their child is and how they are doing.

Many birth mothers who give up their children for adoption do so because they know they cannot care for their children as they would like. Most of these mothers tend to be very young and choose adoption as the best way to give their children a better life. Lynn Clutter explored the benefits of open adoption for mothers in their twenties who give up their children for adoption. The study involved fifteen women giving their opinions on the benefits of open adoption. All of the women interviewed agreed that giving up the children was a painful and difficult decision, but they knew it was the best choice they could make (Clutter 349). However, open adoption gave them comfort, knowing they could see their children and the better life they lived after adoption. The birth mothers reported that they knew their stressful situations meant that they could not afford their children the lives they deserved, and adoption would give them better opportunities. Open adoption eased their grief.

To summarize, open adoption goes a long way in easing the grief of birth mothers and adoptees in adoption. Giving up a child is never easy, and birth parents will likely struggle with guilt for the rest of their lives. Adopted children also have questions about their birth parents and why they were given up. If left unanswered, these questions could cause a lot of personal grief and turmoil in the adoptee. Open adoption eases both birth parents’ and adoptees’ grief and peace of mind. Birth parents get the comfort of knowing how their children and doing, and adoptees learn about their adoption story, giving them closure. Open adoption has many benefits for all parties involved.

Works Cited

Clutter, Lynn B. “Open adoption placement by birth mothers in their twenties.” MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 42.6 (2017): 345-351.

Inskeep, Steve. “For 50 Years, I Was Denied The Story of My Birth.” The New York Times. 26 March 2021. www.nytimes.com/2021/03/26/opinion/closed-adoption-laws.htmlKrahn, Lisa, and Richard Sullivan. “Grief & loss resolution among birth mothers in open adoption.” Canadian Social Work Review/Revue canadienne de service social 32.1-2 (2015): 27-48.

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Dear Mr.

Please accept the following as the final draft of my research project on Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs). A significant amount of information on this topic has been generated over the last twenty years. According to the literature, the research is still in its infancy, and there is more work to be completed. Throughout the research and writing process, I gained a good deal of insight and knowledge regarding ACOAs and have presented information in my research paper on the following topics:

Alcoholism and alcohol consumption in the United StatesCharacteristics of ACOAs

Family relationships in alcoholic families

Symptoms of ACOAs

Treatment for ACOAs

In conducting my research for this project, I found several valuable books on ACOAs. I supplemented the information from the books with various journal articles and internet resources. By the end of the research process, I realized I had gathered more information than I could realistically use for this project.

I would like to thank you for your support and encouragement throughout this process. I appreciated the opportunity to build up to the final project by working through the smaller projects you assigned throughout the semester. Over the course of the semester, I feel I have been able to carefully evaluate sources of information and construct a thorough report on ACOAs. Please feel free to contact me at (302) 555-5555 if you have any questions regarding my research project.

SincerelyTable of Contents

Letter of Transmittalii

List of Figuresiv

Abstractv

Alcoholism1

Alcohol Consumption in the United States1

Definition of Alcoholism1

Adult Children of Alcoholics2

Definition2

History of the ACOA Movement3

Characteristics of ACOAs4

Family Relationships6

Family Systems6

Family Roles8

Symptoms8

Depression9

Anxiety9

Alcoholism10

Eating Disorders11

Treatment11

Self-Help Groups12

Individual/Group Therapy13

Future Prospects14

References15

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………16

Abstract

Alcoholism is a family disease that affects every member of the family. Within alcoholic family systems, children often take on various roles and characteristics that allow them to survive while maintaining the dysfunction in the family. Without intervention or treatment, children often carry these negative roles and characteristics into adulthood, only to find that they no longer provide the same benefit they did in childhood. As a result, many adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) develop symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem, or they may develop compulsive behaviors such as alcoholism and eating disorders. Fortunately, therapy has proved very successful at helping ACOAs who are trying to heal themselves and move on with their adult lives.

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Alcoholism

Alcohol consumption in the United States

Throughout history, alcohol has played a major role in the lives of Americans. While the amount of alcohol consumed has increased and decreased over time, it has remained a constant in society. Even the enactment of Prohibition in the early 1900s failed to eradicate alcohol consumption completely. After Prohibition was repealed in the 1930s, alcohol consumption increased rapidly from 1935 to 1945. Another substantial increase in alcohol use was experienced in the 1970s, which was accompanied by a decrease in the minimum legal drinking age (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 42). According to Rhoden & Robinson (2009), a slight reversal of alcohol consumption trends was witnessed in the early 1980s, along with the return of the minimum legal drinking age to twenty-one (p. 45). More recently, The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence reported that “from 2006-2007, annual per capita consumption of alcohol in the US decreased 0.5 percent to 2.18 gallons; per capita consumption in 2007[was] second only to 1995 in being the lowest in 35 years” (Alcoholism, 2008, Statistics section, para. 1).

Definition of alcoholism

In American culture, drinking alcohol in moderation is a socially acceptable way to celebrate, relax and unwind. The alcoholic beverage industry and the media support this notion through advertising that glamorizes alcohol consumption. Additionally, for many Americans, drinking is tied to family traditions. Alcohol is often used during holiday celebrations and to commemorate religious occasions. Unfortunately, attention is not always given to the harmful effects alcohol can have on a person. Due to various biological and environmental factors, many people do not enjoy alcohol in moderation. A report from the National Council on Alcohol and Drug Dependence suggests that while two-thirds of the population engages in the consumption of alcohol, half of the total amount of alcohol is consumed by only 10 percent of the population (Alcoholism, 2008, Statistics section, para. 1). In fact, the 2007 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse reported that 8.2 million Americans were dependent on alcohol (Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2008, para. 7). Alcohol dependency is a component of alcoholism, which can be defined as:

A chronic condition characterized by the habitual consumption of alcoholicbeverages to such an extent that it impairs physical or mental health and interferes with the activities of daily living; it may be progressive in nature and potentially fatal when producing pathological changes in organs. (Alcoholism, 2008, Introduction section, para. 1)

As the definition implies, alcoholism has devastating effects on many aspects of one’s life. It is important to recognize that alcoholics do not live in seclusion and that their behaviors have a profound impact on the people surrounding them, even on their adult children.

Adult Children of Alcoholics

Definition

When a child has an alcoholic parent, the child grows up in a dysfunctional environment. This experience can potentially have a negative effect on a child throughout his lifespan. Adults who are coping with issues resulting from parental alcoholism are known as Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs). An ACOA can be defined as an adult suffering post-family effects of alcoholism (Ruben, 2008, p. 6). Ruben (2008) further describes the ACOA as “an adult who is trapped in the fears and reactions of a child, and a child who was forced to be an adult without going through the natural stages that result in a healthy adult” (p. 8). As this definition suggests, an ACOA’s social, emotional and possibly physical development may have been hampered as a result of being raised in an alcoholic household. Without some type of intervention, it is likely the negative characteristics and behavior patterns from childhood will carry forward into adulthood (Woititz, 1983, p. 50); luckily, therapy has proven effective at helping ACOAs heal themselves and move on with their adult lives.

History of the ACOA movement

In American society, the subject of alcoholism has been examined from many different points of view. From a moralistic perspective, people engaging in the abuse of alcohol are thought to be of weak character and lacking will power. From a medical perspective, alcoholism came to be understood as a disease process. In 1966, the American Medical Association accepted a resolution stating, “alcoholism is recognized as a serious major health problem throughout the land; therefore be it resolved, that the American Medical Association identifies alcoholism as a complex disease and as such recognizes that the medical components are medicines’ responsibility” (Black, 2009, p. 9). While the resolution was passed in 1966, according to Rhoden and Robinson (2009), it was not until the late 1980s that the majority of the population accepted alcoholism as a disease (p. 13). Meanwhile, in the 1970s, researchers and clinicians in the alcohol treatment field began to treat alcoholism as a disease reaching beyond the alcoholic.

In the mid-1970s, Janet Woititz, author of Adult Children of Alcoholics, was working on her doctoral dissertation on self-esteem in children of alcoholics. Through her research and her own family’s experience living with an alcoholic husband and father, Ms. Woititz began to consider the impact of alcoholism on the entire family unit. At the time, she was involved with Al-Anon, a self-help support group for friends and family members of alcoholics. She realized that some members of the group were having difficulty relating to the discussions because they were not currently living with someone actively involved in alcoholism. Through the meetings, she learned many members were dealing with issues from their childhood stemming from parental alcohol abuse.

In the 1980s, Ms. Woitiz began a group specifically for ACOAs. With the information gained from two years of managing the ACOA group, Ms. Woititz wrote the bookAdult Children of Alcoholicsin which she describes the issues and difficulties experienced by ACOAs. More and more interest on this topic was generated, and a proliferation of self-help books and group meetings became available. At the same time, other researchers and clinicians were involved in the birth of the ACOA movement. While the movement gained much support, it also gained its share of detractors. According to Black (2009), some complained the ACOA movement was an excuse to shirk responsibility for one’s behavior (p. 70). Fortunately, the movement has weathered such criticism. During a lecture on children of alcoholics,Woititz (1983) eloquently stated, “The child of an alcoholic has no age. The same things hold true if you are 5 or 55” (p. xiii).

Characteristics of ACOAs

ACOAs comprise a large and diverse segment of the population in the United States. One study suggested up to 22 million adults in this country were reared in a family with at least one alcoholic parent (Sher, 2009, para. 4). Because ACOAs are such a diverse group, researchers caution against grouping ACOAs in one broad category. Sher (2009) asserted that the difficulty in making generalizations about ACOAs stems from the fact that alcoholics are themselves diverse, thereby creating very different home environments for their children. As a result, each ACOA likely acquires different coping and behavior styles that carry over into adulthood (para. 5). With this in mind, gleaning information from clinicians who have worked directly with ACOAs is crucial. In her book, Adult Children of Alcoholics,Woititz(1983) outlined13 characteristics of ACOAs she found in common among members of her ACOA group (p. 22). These characteristics may not apply to all ACOAs; however, many of these characteristics continue to appear in books and journal articles on the subject

As with other types of dysfunctional families, many ACOAs grew up in chaotic, stressful households. Children in alcoholic and other dysfunctional families learn to obey the following rules as a means of survival: do not talk, do not trust, do not feel, do not think, and do not ask questions (Black, 2009, p. 13; Copans, 2009, p. 21; Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 41). These rules allow the family to continue functioning without addressing the alcoholism.

Family Relationships

Family systems

One way to conceptualize alcoholism as a family disease is to view the disease from a family systems perspective. Family systems theory was derived from general systems theory, which can be described asa way of thinking about the world in which objects are interrelated with one another (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 3). Just as computers, biology and medicine can each be regarded as integrated systems, so can families. From the family systems perspective, the family is viewed as a unit or system rather than a group of individual members. Attention is given to the functioning and interactional dynamics within the family system.

Included in the dynamics of the family system are subsystems, which can be composed of a parental subsystem and a sibling subsystem. Additionally, alliances and coalitions can be formed within the family system. An alliance can be defined as a subsystem of two or more family members based on a common interest. A coalition, on the other hand, can be viewed as a triangular relationship where one family member sides with another family member against a third member (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 45). These subsystems can be dissolved and recreated depending upon the situation the family is facing. The subsystems include the parental subsystem, the sibling subsystem and the subsystems existing between parents and children. All together, these subsystems create the dynamics that play into the functioning of the family system.

In addition to the attention given to the family system itself, attention is also given to how the family interacts and relates with the larger and broader systems outside of the family, such as community, work, school and church (Sharf, 2009, p. 56). When a parent drinks, the behavior affects every member of the household and how the members relate to those beyond the boundaries of the family system. These effects occur through mutual influence, which stresses that whatever happens to one part of the family system affects every other member of that system (Rhoden & Robinson, 2009, p. 62). Applying a . . .

Paper continues here

References

Alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. (2008, January). Retrieved from http://www.ncadd.org/facts/problems.html

Black, C. (2009). Double duty: Dual dynamics within the chemically dependent home. New York: Ballantine Books.

Copans, S. (2009). The invisible family member: Children in families with alcohol abuse. In L. Combrinck-Graham (Ed.), Children in family contexts: Perspectives on treatment (pp. 277-298). New York: Guilford Press.

Kingree, J.B., & Thompson, M. (2010, March). A test with adult children of alcoholics with personal substance abuse problems. American Journal of Psychology, 28(3), 325. doi:10.1037/a0016248/93472394ajp099

Office of Applied Studies. (2008, March 9). Substance abuse and mental health statistics. Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/oas.html

Rhoden, J.L., & Robinson, B.E. (2009). Working with children of alcoholics: The practitioner’s handbook. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Ruben, D.H. (2008). Treating adult children of alcoholics: A behavioral approach. New York: Academic Press.

Sharf, R.S. (2009). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling: Concepts and cases.NewYork: Brooks/Cole.

Sher, K. (2009). Psychological characteristics of children of alcoholics. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21(3), 247. Retrieved from CINAHL Premier database.

Woititz, J.G. (1983). Adult children of alcoholics. Florida: Health Communications, Inc.

MOTIVATING FACTORS TO STUDYING PHYSIO-THERAPY

Being a physiotherapist has always been a desire since my dad developed high blood pressure. He was advised to be exercising because lack of exercise was one of the reasons why the high blood pressure was present in his body. from the time he began exercising I could not be left out because I was his child and he loved me so much. He had already suffered a lot and was not willing to extend his suffering by having me share in his problems when I grew up. Therefore he decided that I had to exercise with him. however, during the time of the exercises, I realized I had a passion for becoming a medical doctor and therefore I did not know how to exercise that is athletics could merge with medicine. Therefore I kept on researching more and with time I got to know that it is possible to be a physical therapist. In my school, I would be the person to help those who got hurt due to their exercises and especially in football most of the friendly matches.

I got the interest to help more in the sporting activities and I even volunteered with organizations that were focused on making sure that there was someone to look after those who got hurt during physical activities. Therefore this is how my interest grew. It was, even more, when I realized that my dad got healed completely after continued exercise as the doctor had advised him. I decided to take the same route because even though it has many other types of treatment physical fitness is one of the concerns and this plays a significant role. Therefore my friends at school and my family at home were the major motivating factors towards my desire to study physiotherapy.

CELL PHONE POLICY FOR THE CLEAN MARTS COMPANY

The Clean Mart Company has got a policy on the use of cell phones that indicates the general rules and guidelines on the use of the company’s and personal cell phones within the work hours. The policy has got a main purpose of helping all the employees in benefiting from the multiple advantageous us of the cell. On the other hand, it is designed to minimize accidents, distractions and any other disadvantageous cause that can be brought by improper use of this gadget. The policy does not sideline any employee and so applies to all the staff members.

Cell Phone Use Guidelines

The guidelines named below on the proper cell phone use during work hours are to be used in The Clean Mart Company by all the employees. To be precise, cell phones should not be used if they can pose any safety or security risk and can cause distraction

The employers shall not be allowed to:

Use the cameras and voice recorders in their phones to record and store any company’s confidential information.

Use the cell phone when while they are driving a company’s vehicle.

Make private cell phone calls during work hours

Use the phones in some prohibited areas (e.g the laboratory)

Play games on the phones within the working hours

Upload or download illegal, obscene and inappropriate materials using a company’s cell phone

Use personal phones to handle work tasks

Use the cell phones when in a meeting

Use the cell phones when operating any equipment

We also recognize that the cell phones, when used correctly are an integral part of our work life today.

We therefore encourage our employees to use the cell phone to:

Receive and make calls related to work in the appropriate situation and place

Carry out research related to work

Store work related files

Keep track of appointments

Use the cell for any other work related communication e.g emailing and text messages

Use productivity applications

Disciplinary Consequences

The improper use of the cell phones will lead to an automatic disciplinary action. If an employee’s inappropriate use of their cell phones leads to the decline in productivity or distraction, this will lead to a revoke of the cell phone privileges.

Employees may face a severe punishment like termination in case the use of their cell phones leads to; harassment, cause security bleach, cause accidents and also violates the company’s confidentiality policy.

Sustainable Resources

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Institution

Sustainable Resources

Question 3

Causes of global warming

Global warming refer to an issue of increased release of carbon dioxide in the air that creates a blanket which traps heat and causes warming of the earth. When human beings burn fossil such as oil, natural gas, coal for energy burn, and cut down trees in forests to make plantations and pastures carbon dioxide accumulates in atmosphere and becomes overloaded. In addition, some agricultural practices and waste management causes the problem through release of global warming gases like nitrous oxide and methane. Carbon dioxide puts human being at risk of permanent alterations if it continues to accumulate uncontrolled in atmosphere. This is probably going to happen if global economy continues to depend on fossils like oil, coal and natural gases for energy needs. The good thing is that since as human beings are the ones causing global warming so we may also try to alleviate this problem ourselves through avoiding large emitting of these gases. Anthropogenic change in climate result from greenhouse gases production and emission through human activities. These activities have increased percentage of greenhouse gases in air that has skyrocketed in the past hundred years.

Question 4.

Environmental laws passed in the early 1970s. That is clean air act, clean water act and endangered species act. In relationship to the ecosystem service and function.

Clean Air Act

The law was amended in 1963 due to an incident “Donora death fog” in Donora that killed 20 people leaving over 600 citizens diagnosed with severe ailment. The same smog was witnessed in Los Angeles where all regions were covered. The incident forced pupils to stay at home, as over 2000 accidents of automobile occurred in a day. Doctors from Los Angeles combined their effort in treating casualties who were hurt because of smog complex. The symptoms ranged from headaches, nausea, cough and irritated eyes. This led to America nation in need of clean air, which led to principle law announcing air pollution like emissions of Carbon dioxide. The 1970 amendment of phase out lead in connection with gasoline was passed. The pollution measurement standards improved leading to improvement of the act. The act was purposed to be dynamic statute and not freeze in time. This act saved more lives and made society to be safe for everyone.

Endangered Species Act

The law focused on nonhuman life values. It consists two categories threatened species and endangered species. Endangered species were viewed as being at extinction brink now while threatened species is expected in brink in near future.

US wildlife and fish service claimed that the act was suitable to endangered species while law provisions supported their urge that it contained all nonhuman species. There was a theory by Chemists in 1970 that CFC molecules might be split separate by radiation of solar in production of chlorine atoms that might destroy ozone layer. This led to introduction of Montreal protocol to help in prevention of Co2 entering the atmosphere of Earth yearly thus delaying catastrophe of climate over 7 years.

Clean Water Act

America’s systems of fresh water involving streams, rivers and lakes in 1970s were polluted with sewers. In 1969, the fire incident was witnessed on the river of Ohio Cuyahoga due to Oil sick that brought attention to all nations. The incident was awareness change to the nation. This led to President Nixon to sign the act of Clean Water in 1972. The law addressed on quality standards of water in country’s waterways. The rule led to existence of Environmental protection Agency.

Question 5

The most important thing I have learned in this course is that we human being ought to conserve our environment. For example in case of global warming, human activity leads to it. If human beings can be in a position to control activities that results in greenhouse gases then they will be in a position to reduce global warming. The environment is key to our survival thus we need to conserve it

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

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Course:

Date:

Adult Education and Adult Learning and Development – Globalization

Adult learning is one of the key elements that should always be inconsideration whenever a country is talking about regional development. The title of the article being reviewed is on the review of the book, “Globalization, diversity, and the search for culturally relevant models for adult education.” By Patricia K Kubow, from the University of Bowling Green Sate. The article implies that there are a lot of individuals who are interested in advancing their career on the advancement in vocational and adult education. Therefore, it suggests that they should be able to understand that the curriculum is changing and they also have to advance in this field. From the article, one will realize that there are a lot of scholars who also support this new approach for then curriculum change. It is for this reason that the article caught my attention as it looks at how the curriculum advancement is adopted globally. This is not only done in the US but also among the Asian countries.

The article breaks down the parts and the chapters in the book. In that in the first part of the book that has got three chapters is titled “curriculum development in the global context.” In this chapter, one is made to understand that there is a great influence in adult learning in relation to the demographic. It suggests that different demographic require different approaches in adult learning. Moreover, the article implies that the reason for this is that people from different communities in the world have different perception on adult learning so it is better if they can be made to learn in the manner in which they feel comfortable. This is one of the best approaches that can be suggested to everybody who is concerned about the adult learning. This approach can be supported because of the multicultural literature in the world has affected people having the adult learning program. Therefore, if they are made to learn in the culture that they can relate to, it can be made easy for them to learn. The learners will also be comfortable as they will interpret the learning experience in their own world. The article also makes it clear that the marginalization of the adult learners is always made possible if there is a democratic learning environment that they can relate to.

From the article, one will be able to understand that the interest of adult learners is based socio-cultural context which explained throughout the remaining part of the article. This can be said to be one of the reason why it should be taken into consideration in the field of adult education since it is believed that this approach can help in the marginalization of adult learning across the whole globe. This approach can also be made possible to the immigrants of different countries. Most of the immigrants always need to be oriented in the educational system of their host country that is why they have to go back to learn. Therefore this approach would appropriate for them to gain knowledge. Moreover, adult education is always very essential to the individuals from developing countries that have a chance of joining the developed countries. Therefore, if the approach can be taken, the learner will have a problem of coping with the host learning system due to cultural shock.

In addition, this article relates to the trends of our time whereby the global world is working hard to ensure that literacy is made possible to everybody. Therefore, this approach is one of the elements that will make it clear that illiteracy is being eradicated all over the world. Moreover, people are made to learn in relation to what they already know. It is difficult to make individuals in the third world to learn and cope up with the thing that are happening in the first world nation. That is why they will be in a position to learn from the things that they can relate to and understand better.

References

Bentley, T. (1998) Learning beyond the Classroom: Education for a changing world, London: Routledge.

Courtney, S. (2009) ‘Defining adult and continuing education’ in S. B. Merriam and P. M. Cunningham (eds.) Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Source of the article

http://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=internationaleducation&sei-redir=1#search=%22Adult%20Education%20Adult%20Learning%20Development%20-%20Globalization%22

Motivation And Management Philosophy

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Motivation and Plans for Pursuing a Career in Public Administration PAGEREF _Toc379625549 h 1Management Philosophy PAGEREF _Toc379625550 h 2Philosophy of Building the Commitment PAGEREF _Toc379625551 h 2

Introduction

Motivation is simply the desire to doing things as well as setting the elements for attaining the goals of organizations. Public Administration is the implementation criteria used by the civil servants in official frameworks of executive government. This paper tries to examine ways of planning and how to pursue a career in Public Administration as well as the management philosophies used by run the organization.

Motivation and Plans for Pursuing a Career in Public AdministrationWhen planning to pursue a career in the public Administration, one should answer some questions concerning the course chosen and these questions should be included in the planning. The first thing is the public service incentives or motivations. Most people choose a career in the public services as their careers because they want to be different from other people by making significant contributions to the society. This type of motivation should not be unnoticed since making of contributions to the society is the most significant basis of satisfaction to the professionals for the public service. Therefore, these people should always ask themselves what they should do to make differences in the society.

One should also have plans in knowing the areas strengths, by finding that one can do what one likes most; this can be something, which is taking an advantage of one’s strength extremely valued by employers. One should also know the resources that exist in pursuing the career in Public Administration.

Management PhilosophyIntroduction

Management philosophy is a set of different ideas about the best management practices. Management is an art of mobilizing people in order for them to do the best by achieving the success. The following points stated below are some of my understanding about management philosophy.

Organization can be said to be effective when it balances both the effectiveness as well as, efficiency this is by doing right things as well as by getting those right things. Also, the effectiveness of the company can rely on striking the balances between preserving as well as producing productions.

Functioning of the organization to their best is also a philosophy of management that ensures the best performance of the organization. In this case, everyone should share missions as well as visions in an organization. People are effective on how they are doing their jobs as evidenced that organization’s personnel do perform a complete job.

Philosophy of Building the CommitmentThe other management philosophy that I know of is the philosophy of building the commitment. Since, commitments are known to be an accomplishment of the set goals in an organization by a willing, coercion as well as, force. An important to the development commitment is the involvement by participating in decision making in the organization.

Combining the competent management by means of effective leadership. It is highly possible for effective managers to succeed through proper management. This can be done by combining both management as well as leadership skills.

The last philosophy of management that I know of is the philosophy of managers as well as supervisors having the appropriate skills mixed together hence quicker decision making. The skills require here involves the technical, human and the conceptual skills. The technical skills are for specific people, for example, the managers who contribute to the planning as well as administrations, which include the gathering of information, analyzing them, solving of the problems and time management in the organization.

Motivation is closely related to grit, attention, and anxiety. In the case of Tonnie, they may have the right motivation to pay attention during learning, yet anxiety may decrease this motivation. Receiving feedback or rewards for actions usually increases the chance that said action will be repeated. As such, I propose the use of rewards in extrinsic motivation and the use of cognitive approaches dealing with intrinsic motivation. For these two approaches, the focus is on rewards and goals. The attempt to correlate these elements together will increase the likelihood of a better performance from Tonnie.

Intrinsic motivation happens when learners are engaged due to internal rewards. For example, in Tonnie’s case, the love of a particular subject or style of learning may increase learning. The student may have learnt to value learning due to the merits received regardless of other external factors. Tonnie may have loved the style of learning used in the previous year, thus increasing motivation for that year and reducing it for the current year because of the changes to styles used. Extrinsic motivation is any form of learning as a result of external factors. Tonnie may be motivated to learn in order to pass tests or to gain rewards, and even avoid punishment. However, this form of learning is short lived and is not suggested for Tonnie. Therefore, in terms of intrinsic motivation, it is suggested that this year’s teacher find ways to reward Tonnie internally. For example, finding out what Tonnie likes and the preferred method of learning could help to boost motivation. It could be coupled with extrinsic motivation in the short term including rewards through recognition of improvement and other rewards.

In the cognitive motivation view, it is proposed that a self-efficacy theory approach would work well for Tonnie. Self-efiicacy points to a personal belief that one has the capability execute any course of action required for certain performances. It is a task-specific approach of developing self-confidence. The theory highlights the ability of an individual to control their own motivation, social environment, and behavior in order to impact on their learning. Therefore, one’s sense of individual belief plays a major role in how they approach goals, challenges, and tasks. In the development of personality, this theory looks at the cognitive elements that dictate how an individual interprets their own abilities against their social environment. therefore, in addition to the proposed interests and drives from both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Tonnie could be motivated through his/her own self belief in the ability to achieve to personal capacities.

Therefore, it is likely that Tonnie’s change in performance is due to a lack of motivation. It could also mean that the motivations in place do not work as expected. Therefore, I propose that the instrinsic/extrinsic perspective be used to increase motivation. It would also lead to findings on what interests Tonnie to perform. As a result, the self-efficacy theory would then be applied to ensure that Tonnie is aware and believes in his/her ability to achieve whatever tasks and challenges the new year demands. This latter cognitive approach will lead to personally developed perceptions. It would lead to better choice of tasks and approaches used to motivate Tonnie, including a better understanding of what could motivate learning. Since motivation is closely related to grit, attention, and anxiety, these two approaches are likely to create a situation where Tonnie’s situation is better diagnosed. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic factors would work to make sure Tonnie understands the need to change. Then the self-efficacy theory would be applied to develop self perceptions that would ensure that learning occurs in an internal environment that is better for performance.

ABSTRACTDairy goats have played a vital role in contributing to the development of rural economy. Improved dairy goats have higher milk productivity, and other benefits that will aid in enhancing food security. Some farmers adopted crossbred dairy goats at the initial introduction stages in the groups. However, the rate of adoption among the smallholder farmers has not been fully indicated. The study aimed at analyzing the smallholder farmer’s adoption of crossbred dairy goats in Nyandarua County, Kenya. Clear knowledge of the adoption rate among the smallholder farmers will guide agricultural policies towards increased adoption of crossbred dairy goats in the local communities. In addition, the policy makers will be able to take relevant actions that will lead to improvement of dairy goats’ production which will lead to food security in the region.

Data was generated using 70 randomly selected respondents from the study area. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Regression analysis was applied to come with factors that influenced the adoption of crossbred dairy goats by farmers. The results indicated that farmers who belonged to social groups had a high chance of accessing extension services and thus training on dairy goats. The age and the type of households had an influence on the crossbred goats. The study suggests that capacity building trough groups is important among smallholder farmers. The policies towards agriculture should be guided towards increased production of dairy goats that has a high potential increase food security and lead to better management of land resource.